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the transportation costs and avoid the corrosion in pipelines. Upgraded biogas can be used as vehicle fuels or injected into the natural gas grid.2 Technologies have been developed and commercialized for biogas upgrading (i.e. CO2 removal from raw biogas), for example, high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS), pressure swing adsorption (PSA), chemical absorption (CA), organic physical scrubbing (OPS), membrane separation (MB), cryogenic separation (CS), and so on.3-5 Among them, absorption is one of the most widely used technologies, for example, HPWS, OPS and CA are shared 40 , 6 and 25 %, respectively, of all biomethane plants in the European region.2, 6 According to the information published by IEA Bioenergy Task 37, HPWS is one of the simplest, most-efficient and widely-used upgrading techniques.2, 6 HPWS has the advantage of low CH4 lost, and no pretreatment of H2S is required. However, the low CO2 solubility in water leads to a large amount of solvent required in the process. Besides, the bacterial growth is easily formed on the packing materials.7, 8 Other absorption technologies including OPS and CA are used in commercial CO2 capture processes due to high absorption capacity and rate. The drawbacks of CA include the high thermal energy demand for solvent regeneration, the corrosion to equipment as well as the significant solvent degradation and loss.8 Although the thermal energy demand of OPS is lower than CA, the solubility of CH4 in organic physical solvent is comparatively high, leading to a high loss rate of CH4.9 Besides, the volatility of OPS results in solvent loss and air pollution. Since Blanchard et al.10 firstly reported the CO2 solubility in a physical ionic liquids (ILs), ILs have been paid more attention in the field of CO2 separation due to the favorable properties of non-volatility, thermal stability and high acid gas solubility.11 These unique properties of ILs provide the feasibility to reduce the thermal energy demand for solvent regeneration and to avoid environmental pollutions.12 Process simulation and assessment have been carried out for the CO2 capture with ILs as liquid absorbents based on process simulation software such as Aspen Plus. For example, Shiflett et al.13 simulated a CO2 capture process using pure IL and claimed 16 % reduction in energy utilization and 11 % reduction in investment compared to aqueous amine scrubbing. Basha et al.14, 15 developed a conceptual process for selective capture of CO2 from fuel gas streams using different ILs. Huang et al. 16 simulated the CO2 capture process using IL-amine hybrid solvents and concluded that IL-based solvent combined with process modification could realize an energy-efficient and cost-effective carbon capture. However, the high production cost, the high viscosity and the potential toxicity for most of the synthesized ILs limit their industrial applications. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have received much more attention and been considered as a new type of ILs.17-21 DESs maintain most of the favorable properties of ILs but avoid the economic and environmental problems 19. Among the synthesized DESs, choline-based ILs (or DESs) are considered as a type of most promising solvents to achieve large-scale applications because of their low production cost, low toxicity, biodegradability and easy synthesis. In particular, choline chloride/urea (ChCl/Urea) is made of urea (a common fertilizer) and choline chloride (a vitamin B4 precursor), and both of them are relatively benign in terms of bio-toxicity. Moreover, the price of ChCl/Urea is relatively cheap, which is only 4-9 % of the conventional ILs.22 Research has been carried out to measure the CO2 solubility in ChCl/Urea,23-25 revealing ChCl/Urea a promising solvent for CO2 absorbing. However, the viscosity of ChCl/Urea is very high. It has been reported that the addition of water can significantly decrease the viscosity of ChCl/Urea,26-28 but the CO2 solubility also decreased. The low viscosity of the aqueous ChCl/Urea will enhance the mass transfer of 2PDF Image | CO2 Separation with Ionic Liquids
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