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m and the diameter of the desorber decreased from 0.73 to 0.49 m The average values of pressure drop/height (Δp/z) in the absorber and desorber are listed in Table 8 for different absorbents. The Δp/z in the absorber changed from 21.4 to 155.6 Pa/m while that in desorber changed from 238.7 to 273.8 Pa/m when the content of ChCl/Urea (1:2) increased from 0 to 70 wt. %. The Δp/z increased obviously in the absorber with increasing content of ChCl/Urea (1:2) but still within the recommended value for the absorber (150-500 Pa∙m-1)54. Owing to the lack of the mass transfer rate for the studied absorbents, the heights of absorber and desorber were not considered in this work. Table 8. Summary of parameters for absorber and desorber with different absorbents Parameters Dab Dde Δp/z in absorber Δp/z in desorber Units Water m 0.59 m 0.73 Pa∙m-1 21.4 Pa∙m-1 238.7 30 wt. % ChCl/Urea (1:2) 0.46 0.61 63.5 239.7 50 wt. % ChCl/Urea (1:2) 0.38 0.53 109.8 248.4 70 wt. % ChCl/Urea (1:2) 0.33 0.49 155.6 273.8 3.3.4. Environmental assessment. The effect of the process on the environment was also considered in this work. A variety of quantitative methods for the design of environmentally-friendly chemical processes have been proposed55. Recently, Zhang et al.56 developed a new assessing method (Green degree, GD), in which an integrated index including nine environmental impact categories (including global, air, water, and toxicological effects) was used. This method has been applied to analyze and assess the chemical processes56, 57 as well as biogas upgrading process 53. In this work, the GD method was used to evaluate the environmental influence of the biogas upgrading process with aqueous ChCl/Urea (1:2). For the biogas upgrading, neither new material nor energy is produced, and the green degree change of a process can be simplified as the following formula57: GDP GDMaterial-Out GDMaterial-In GDEnergy (15) where ΔGDP is the green degree of the process, GDMaterial-Out and GDMaterial-In represent the GD values of the materials into and out of the process, respectively, and GDEnergy-In represents the GD value of the energy utilization into the process. The unit values of GD for the materials other than ChCl/Urea (1:2) and biogas were taken from the work by Zhang et al56. For calculating the green degree of this process, the biogas produced via digestion from the low grade biomass was considered as sustainable resources, the water is also sustainable resources, and thus the GDs of biogas and water were set to be zero. The loss of ChCl/Urea (1:2) in this process was negligible due to its extremely low vapor pressure and thermal stability. Because the process was to produce biomethane as the product that can be used to replace fossil fuels, the GD of the process was always higher than zero. To verify the calculation, ΔGDP for the HPWS process was studied. Xu et al.53 estimated the ΔGDP for the HPWS process with a plant capacity of 500 m3/h (STP) and reported a value about 1200 gd/h, that is, the specific ΔGDP per m3 raw biogas was about 2.40 gd/m3. In this work, the ΔGDP of HPWS with the same operational parameters as in the work of Xu et al.53 was calculated, and the specific ΔGDP per m3 20PDF Image | CO2 Separation with Ionic Liquids
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