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Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal

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Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal ( continuous-valorization-glycerol-into-solketal )

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Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2 297 Author Ionic Liquid Gui, 2016 Catalyst Acidity (mmol/gcat ) Table 1. Cont. Reaction Conditions G:A = 1:15 T = 298 K T = 30 min G:A = 1:6 T = 303 K t = 30 min G:A = 1:4 T = 298 K t = 240 min G:A = 1:7 T = 298 K t = 120–240 min G:A = 1:10 T = 298 K t = 120 min G:A = 1:6 T = 303 K t = 120 min G:A = 1:10 T = 323 K t = 180 min Results (%) X = 96% gly Sel = 98.5% Ysolk = 86% Xgly = 82% Sel = 95% Ysolk = 80 − 86% Ysolk = 80 − 86% X = 93% gly Sel = 98% Xgly = 94% Sel = 98% Ysolk = 93% Xgly = 85.7% Sel = 98.3% Reusability Four cycles without significant activity loss. Ten cycles without significant activity loss. A 10% activity loss after five cycles. Stable for 60 h of operation. No information on the recycle. A 4% activity loss after four cycles. A 5% activity loss after three cycles. Four cycles without significant activity loss. Activity decreased until the fifth cycle. Ref. [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] 1–(4–sulfonylbutyl)triphenylphosphonium methanesulfonate 2.7 mol% (glycerol) [P (C4H9)3C14H29] [TsO] 5 wt% (glycerol) GC–1:2 3 wt% (glycerol) Cel–215–2 M–20 h–S Glu–195–20 h–S 1 wt% (glycerol) BS9.20.6 wt% 2 Heteropoly acids (C3H7)4N+/PWA 3 wt% (reactants) Layered crystalline α–zirconium phosphate 5 wt% (glycerol) N.A. 1 N.A. 1 3.8 5.43 3.42 0.3 0.6 1.3 Ji, 2020 Sulfonated Carbon based Gonçalves, 2016 Fernández, 2019 Ballotin, 2020 Others Sandesh, 2015 Li, 2019

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