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www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 7. Magnetization curves obtained by VSM at room temperature for (a) MNPs, (b) SMNPs, (c) Cu- ABF@ASMNPs and (d) inset: enlarged image near the coercive field. Figure 8. Cycloaddition reaction of styrene oxide with CO2. Reaction conditions: Styrene oxide (5 mmol), base (4 mol %), Cu-ABF@ASMNPs (40–80 mg), 12 h, 80 °C, under 1 atm of CO2. aGC-MS yield. bDBU (12 mol %) and 48 h. *NMP (N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone). After the ICP analysis, it was found that concentration of copper in the supernatant corresponds to negligible catalyst leaching (0.01 ppm). The supernatant was again transferred back into the reaction vessel and reaction was continued for further 6 h. No further conversion was observed after the separation of the catalyst. An additional reaction was carried out at 80 °C for 2 h under the same reaction condition and after the catalyst was separated using an external magnet and the supernatant was again poured back into the reactor and the reac- tion was continued for additional 6 h and 12 h. It was observed that about 20% of conversion was obtained after 2 h and conversion of styrene oxide remained unchanged after 6 h. If this reaction continues for 12 h, 1% yield of styrene carbonate was obtained. This yield was due to DBU as mentioned in Fig. 8. It corroborated the view that the copper has not leached during the course of the reaction which further signifies the stability and heterogeneity of the prepared nanocatalyst. Mechanism. Firstly, Cu-ABF@ASMNPs catalyst activates the epoxide ring (A) which indicates the Lewis acidity of the catalyst plays a significant role in this organic transformation. Furthermore, DBU could activate SCientifiC RepoRts | (2018) 8:1901 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-19551-3 7PDF Image | copper-based magnetic nanocatalyst for the fixation of carbon dioxide
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