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Energies 2021, 14, 2406 6 of 26 Figure 6. Scheme of methods for carbon capture (adapted from IPCC [29]). In the production processes, namely in activities related to CO2 and other harmful greenhouse gases, even in coal power plants, it is important to reduce the emissions. For that, energy production changes as technology advances. Energy companies and industries use several technologies. This way, Industry 4.0 and the external environment force the energy companies to constantly adjust goals [2,30]. Oxy-combustion capture is still under development and is not yet commercial. Reduction of NOx, SOx, Hg emissions, and methods of exhaust gas dedusting are also important. 3.1. Pre-Combustion In power plants, in oil, gas, and chemical industries processes, where CO2 is produced, the pre-combustion CO2 capture can be used [3]. Technologies that separate this gas from gas streams have been used for many decades. The main objective of the industries is CO2 removal to meet the required downstream product specifications, whether natural gas, hydrogen, or chemicals. In pre-combustion CO2 capture systems, the fuel source is decarbonized before com- bustion. More recently, in anticipation of the requirements to limit CO2 emissions, plants design have been improved to convert the gas produced from gasification to hydrogen and CO2 and remove CO2 before the combustion of the hydrogen-rich gas in the turbine [31]. The gasification or partial oxidation process combines the reacting coal with steam and oxygen at high pressure and temperature. The product is a gaseous fuel consisting mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, called synthesis gas or syngas. After this, syngas is converted to more hydrogen and carbon dioxide by adding steam at a lower temperature. This is the Water Gas Shift Reaction (WGS) (Equation (1)). Before the combustion of the hydrogen-rich gas in the gas turbine, the CO2 is captured. The concentration can be in the range of 15–60% (dry basis/% volume), and the total pressure is typically 2–7 MPa [3,31,32]: CO + O ↔ CO2 + H2 (1) ∆H = −40.6 kJ mol−1PDF Image | Current Developments of Carbon Capture Storage
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