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delivery tank, a high-pressure pump, and a water bath at the set-point temperature for the experiments [19,20]. The result of testing the pressure variable vs. the maximum dewatering rate is shown in Figure 1b, which showed a good linear relationship between the dewatering rate and maximum applied supercritical carbon dioxide pressure. Molecules 2020, 25, 5367 4 of 13 Green wood specimens sampled from the same source were oven-dried at 100 °C to compare the rate of drying from green to 40% moisture content with the rate of dewatering using 20 MPa highest pressure, as shown in Figure 1. For comparable wood specimens starting at comparable on the specimen dry weight. The stainless steel, high pressure, thermally-jacketed vessel used had green moisture content, the dewatering process, which concluded at 40% moisture content, close to a top inlet for introducing supercritical carbon dioxide and a lower outlet for draining water and the wood material fibre-saturation point, was approximately seven times faster than oven-drying allowing the exit of gaseous carbon dioxide. Supercritical carbon dioxide was generated using a from green to 40% moisture content. Heating wood dewatered to 40% moisture content at 100 °C liquid delivery tank, a high-pressure pump, and a water bath at the set-point temperature for the produced a drying curve identical with that of wood specimens at 40% moisture content that had experiments [19,20]. The result of testing the pressure variable vs. the maximum dewatering rate been oven-dried from green, indicating that the energy required to evaporate water from wood cell is shown in Figure 1b, which showed a good linear relationship between the dewatering rate and walls was the same regardless of how the water content of the wood specimens had initially been maximum applied supercritical carbon dioxide pressure. reduced from green to 40% moisture content. Figure1.(a),SupercriticalCO dewateringcurvesforradiatapinesapwoodspecimenswithaholdtime Figure 1. (a), Supercritical CO2 2 dewatering curves for radiata pine sapwood specimens with a hold of 2 min, vessel temperature of 47 ◦C, and maximum vessel pressures of 8 MPa (crosses), 10 MPa (stars), time of 2 min, vessel temperature of 47 °C, and maximum vessel pressures of 8 MPa (crosses), 10 MPa 11 MPa (diamonds), 12 MPa (triangles), 16 MPa (squares), and 20 MPa (circles) and (b), the maximum (stars), 11 MPa (diamonds), 12 MPa (triangles), 16 MPa (squares), and 20 MPa (circles) and (b), the dewatering rate, calculated from (a), as a function of the maximum supercritical carbon dioxide pressure. maximum dewatering rate, calculated from (a), as a function of the maximum supercritical carbon The line shows a linear least-squares fit [19] (with permission from Elsevier). dioxide pressure. The line shows a linear least-squares fit [19] (with permission from Elsevier). Green wood specimens sampled from the same source were oven-dried at 100 ◦C to compare The maximum dewatering rate at 20 MPa was not significantly increased when the maximum the rate of drying from green to 40% moisture content with the rate of dewatering using 20 MPa pressure was increased to 40 MPa. There was only a minimal effect of exact temperatures of 38, 47, highest pressure, as shown in Figure 1. For comparable wood specimens starting at comparable green and 58 °C on the dewatering rate when using 20 MPa as the maximum pressure [19]. Attempts to moisture content, the dewatering process, which concluded at 40% moisture content, close to the wood dewater green wood specimens at a set-point temperature below 38 °C (and above 32 °C to ensure material fibre-saturation point, was approximately seven times faster than oven-drying from green the supercritical carbon dioxide phase was maintained) often resulted in the specimen freezing to 40% moisture content. Heating wood dewatered to 40% moisture content at 100 ◦C produced a drying curve identical with that of wood specimens at 40% moisture content that had been oven-dried from green, indicating that the energy required to evaporate water from wood cell walls was the samePDF Image | Dewatering Green Sapwood Using Carbon Dioxide
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