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density change contrasting with the H MR images obtained during air-drying and from carbon dioxide gas pressure cycling, as seen in Figures 3A,B. Here, water density depletion with each cycle, as seen in Figure 3C, occurred at the periphery of the volume of earlywood, including the boundary with latewood, which is seen especially at the end of cycle three, where it aligns with the dewatering rate data shown in Figure 1a. At the end of the fourth cycle, the wood cell water had been reduced to Molecules 2020, 25, 5367 9 of 13 bound water only, as indicated by the dark image in Figure 3C, which also aligns with the moisture content at the fibre saturation point at the end of the fourth cycle, as shown in Figure 1a. 1 Figure 3. 1 H magnetic resonance images showing radiata pine sapwood specimens undergoing (A), Figure 3. H magnetic resonance images showing radiata pine sapwood specimens undergoing (A), conventional drying by water evaporation, and (B), cell water displacement by carbon dioxide delivered conventional drying by water evaporation, and (B), cell water displacement by carbon dioxide to the high-pressure “autoclave” by liquid delivery where in the cell at 20 ◦C, carbon dioxide exists in delivered to the high-pressure “autoclave” by liquid delivery where in the cell at 20 °C, carbon the gas phase in equilibrium with the liquid phase at 5 MPa, and it was cycled between this pressure dioxide exists in the gas phase in equilibrium with the liquid phase at 5 MPa, and it was cycled and 0.1 MPa, and (C), cell water displacement with carbon dioxide undergoing cyclical phase change between this pressure and 0.1 MPa, and (C), cell water displacement with carbon dioxide undergoing between supercritical fluid up to 20 MPa, 50 ◦C, and gas at 0.1 MPa [33] (with permission from cyclical phase change between supercritical fluid up to 20 MPa, 50 °C, and gas at 0.1 MPa [33] (with de Gruyter). permission from de Gruyter). Dewatering using carbon dioxide gas in equilibrium with liquid phase (from the carbon dioxide 2.6. Predictive Models Developed for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Dewatering of Green Wood liquid delivery cylinder) cycled between 5 and 0.1 MPa showed in the 1H MR images a pattern of Complementing the physical chemistry and MRI/NMR experimental results described above water density change, as seen in Figure 3B, similar to that for air drying, implying that the mechanisms are models of the dewatering process which have contributed to the understanding of the of air drying and carbon dioxide gas dewatering were similar. dewaterin1g mechanism through the mathematical treatment of mass transfer and diffusion of The HMRimagesobtainedduringthedewateringprocessusingcarbondioxidecycledbetween supercritical dioxide in cell water and the effect of cell porosity and tortuosity of the cell-to-cell the supercritical fluid and gas phase, as seen in Figure 3C, showed the pattern of water density change pathway for water 1expulsion [34,35]. The models developed predicted the applied pressure of contrastingwiththe HMRimagesobtainedduringair-dryingandfromcarbondioxidegaspressure supercritical carbon dioxide to have the greatest effect on dewatering rate and expelled sap yield cycling, as seen in Figure 3A,B. Here, water density depletion with each cycle, as seen in Figure 3C, compared with the parameters of hold-time at maximum pressure, time for pressure release and occurred at the periphery of the volume of earlywood, including the boundary with latewood, which phase-change, or carbon dioxide initial temperature. The models derived and physical chemistry is seen especially at the end of cycle three, where it aligns with the dewatering rate data shown in results (Figure 1) were in accord, the models providing a means of fine-tuning experimental Figure 1a. At the end of the fourth cycle, the wood cell water had been reduced to bound water only, parameters to assist with the design of plant and processes for dewatering a range of green wood as indicated by the dark image in Figure 3C, which also aligns with the moisture content at the fibre input types. saturation point at the end of the fourth cycle, as shown in Figure 1a. 2.6. Predictive Models Developed for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Dewatering of Green Wood Complementing the physical chemistry and MRI/NMR experimental results described above are models of the dewatering process which have contributed to the understanding of the dewatering mechanism through the mathematical treatment of mass transfer and diffusion of supercritical dioxide in cell water and the effect of cell porosity and tortuosity of the cell-to-cell pathway for water expulsion [34,35]. The models developed predicted the applied pressure of supercritical carbon dioxide to have the greatest effect on dewatering rate and expelled sap yield compared with the parametersPDF Image | Dewatering Green Sapwood Using Carbon Dioxide
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