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Molecules 2020, 25, 5367 11 of 13 4. Conclusions Dewatering green sapwood derived from plantation-grown radiata pine and several other softwood and hardwood timber species, using carbon dioxide cycled between the supercritical fluid and gas phase, has proven to be an efficient process for rapidly reducing wood moisture content from as much as 200% (based on dry weight) to 40% (or below, depending on the anatomical structure of the wood). Dewatering has the added benefit of zero volatile emission compared to kiln drying, with all of the sap chemicals being captured in the exudate, which in turn provides a source of numerous chemicals with potential high value to be obtained from them. While the dewatering process has merit for producing dry timber as an industrial product per se, a significant benefit for wood product manufacture may be the ability to sequentially dewater green wood and then undertake wood material modification. For example, biocide molecules dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide could be introduced in situ, to impart wood product bio-durability without the need to physically handle the wood material. The power of magnetic resonance methods for obtaining in situ proton images of water movement and distribution within the specimen, for obtaining 13C spectra of the carbon dioxide phase change during the dewatering process, for 13C chemical shift imaging for the distribution of carbon dioxide within the specimen, and simultaneous proton, 13C, and pressure data in real time has enabled valuable insights into the dewatering mechanism. Author Contributions: Conceptualisation, Dewatering process, R.A.F.; magnetic resonance methods, R.M. and V.C.B., methodology, R.A.F., R.M., V.C.B., investigation, R.A.F., R.M., V.C.B., resources, R.M., V.C.B., writing—original draft preparation R.A.F., writing—review and editing, R.A.F., R.M., V.C.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: R.M. acknowledges travel assistance funding from the J.W. Gottstein Memorial Trust for travel in 2011 and from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) for travel in 2012. Acknowledgments: The authors thank M. Schmidt, J. Fuchs, S. Hill, H. Kroese, J. Hindmarsh and D. Sandquist for valuable assistance with MRI/NMR experiments. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Kininmonth, J.A. Wood-Water Relationships. In Properties and Uses of New Zealand Radiata Pine, Volume 1—Wood Properties; Kininmonth, J.A., Whitehouse, L.J., Eds.; Forest Research Institute: Rotorua, New Zealand, 1991; pp. 7.1–7.23. 2. Shusheng, P.; Keey, R.B. Drying kinetics of radiata pine boards at elevated temperatures. Dry Technol. 1995, 13, 1395–1409. [CrossRef] 3. McDonald, A.G.; Dare, P.H.; Gifford, J.S.; Steward, D.; Riley, S. Assessment of air emissions from industrial drying of radiata pine wood. Holz Roh Werkst. 2002, 60, 181–190. [CrossRef] 4. Li, X.-J.; Zhang, B.-G.; Li, W.-J. Microwave-Vacuum Drying of Wood: Model Formulation and Verification. Dry. Technol. 2008, 26, 1382–1387. [CrossRef] 5. Avramidis, S.; Liu, F. Drying Characteristics of Thick Lumber in a Laboratory Radio-Frequency/Vacuum Dryer. Dry. Technol. 1994, 12, 1963–1981. [CrossRef] 6. Meder, R.; Codd, S.L.; Franich, R.A.; Callaghan, P.T.; Pope, J. Observation of anisotropic water movement in Pinus radiata D. Don sapwood above fiber saturation using magnetic resonance micro-imaging. Holz Roh Werkst. 2003, 61, 251–256. [CrossRef] 7. Choat, B.; Cobb, A.R.; Jansen, S. Structure and function of bordered pits: New discoveries and impacts on whole-plant hydraulic function. New Phytol. 2008, 177, 608–626. [CrossRef] 8. Pang, S.; Wiberg, P. Model predicted and CT scanned moisture distribution in a Pinus radiata board during drying. Holz Roh Werkst. 1998, 56, 9–14. [CrossRef] 9. Pang, S.; Herritsch, A. Physical properties of earlywood and latewood of Pinus radiata D. Don: Anisotropic shrinkage, equilibrium moisture content and fibre saturation point. Holzforschung 2005, 59, 654–661. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Dewatering Green Sapwood Using Carbon Dioxide
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