Dewatering Green Sapwood Using Carbon Dioxide

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Molecules 2020, 25, 5367 12 of 13 10. Kreber, B.; Fernández, M.; McDonald, A.G. Migration of Kiln Brown Stain Precursors During the Drying of Radiata Pine Sapwood. Holzforschung 1998, 52, 441–446. [CrossRef] 11. Wingate-Hill, R.; Cunningham, R.B. Compression drying of sapwood. Wood Fiber Sci. 1986, 18, 315–326. 12. Kozhin, V.P. Centrifugal dewatering and drying of high-moisture wood. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys. 2012, 85, 1278–1283. [CrossRef] 13. Stahl, M.; Bentz, M. High-pressure treatment of wood–Combination of mechanical and thermal drying in the “I/D process”. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2004, 27, 1216–1221. [CrossRef] 14. Kreber, B.; Stahl, M.R.; Haslett, A.N. Application of a novel de-watering process to control kiln brown stain in radiata pine. Holz Roh Werkst. 2001, 59, 29–34. [CrossRef] 15. McHugh, M.A.; Krukonis, V.J. Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Principles and Practice; Butterworths: Stoneham, MA, USA, 1986. 16. Diamond, L.W.; Akinfiev, N.N. Solubility of CO2 in water from −1.5 to 100 ◦C and from 0.1 to 100 MPa: Evaluation of literature data and thermodynamic modeling. Fluid Phase Equilibria 2003, 208, 265–290. [CrossRef] 17. Morrison, G. Effect of water on the critical points of carbon dioxide and ethane. J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 759–761. [CrossRef] 18. Tamimi, A.; Rinker, E.B.; Sandall, O.C. Diffusion Coefficients for Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide in Water over the Temperature Range 293-368 K.J. Chem. Eng. Data 1994, 39, 330–332. [CrossRef] 19. Franich, R.; Gallagher, S.; Kroese, H.W. Dewatering green sapwood using carbon dioxide cycled between supercritical fluid and gas phase. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 89, 113–118. [CrossRef] 20. Dawson, B.S.; Pearson, H.; Kroese, H.W.; Sargent, R. Effect of specimen dimension and pre-heating temperature on supercritical CO2 dewatering of radiata pine sapwood. Holzforschung 2015, 69, 421–430. [CrossRef] 21. Dawson, B.; Pearson, H. Effect of supercritical CO2 dewatering followed by oven-drying of softwood and hardwood timbers. Wood Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 771–784. [CrossRef] 22. Yang, L.; Liu, H. A Review of Eucalyptus Wood Collapse and its Control during Drying. Bioresource 2018, 13, 2171–2181. [CrossRef] 23. Dawson, B.; Pearson, H.; Kimberley, M.O.; Davy, B.; Dickson, A. Effect of supercritical CO2 treatment and kiln drying on collapse in Eucalyptus nitens wood. Holz Roh Werkst. 2020, 78, 209–217. [CrossRef] 24. Zhang, J.-W.; Liu, H.-H.; Yang, H.; Yang, L. Drying characteristics of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis with supercritical CO2. Materials 2020, 13, 3989. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Yang, L.; Liu, H. Effect of Supercritical CO2 Drying on Moisture Transfer and Wood Property of Eucalyptus urophydis. Forests 2020, 11, 1115. [CrossRef] 26. McDonald, A.G.; Fernandez, M.; Kreber, B.; Laytner, F. The Chemical Nature of Kiln Brown Stain in Radiata Pine. Holzforschung 2000, 54, 12–22. [CrossRef] 27. Franich, R.A.; Kroese, H.; Gallagher, S.; Steward, D.; Isak, I. Solutes in sap obtained from supercritical CO2 dewatering of radiata pine sapwood, and a new role of sap cyclitols in brown stain formation during kiln drying of green wood. Holzforschung 2019, 73, 947–956. [CrossRef] 28. McCurdy, M.C.; Pang, S. Optimization of Kiln Drying for Softwood through Simulation of Wood Stack Drying, Energy Use, and Wood Color Change. Dry. Technol. 2007, 25, 1733–1740. [CrossRef] 29. Behr, V.C.; Schmid, M.W.; Franich, R.A.; Meder, R. An advanced, integrated large-volume high-pressure autoclave and 1h/13c double-tuned resonator for chemistry and materials nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and microscopy investigations. Concepts Magn. Reson. Part B Magn. Reson. Eng. 2013, 43, 49–58. [CrossRef] 30. Behr, V.C.; Hill, S.J.; Meder, R.; Sandquist, D.; Hindmarsh, J.P.; Franich, R.; Newman, R.H. Carbon-13 NMR chemical-shift imaging study of dewatering of green sapwood by cycling carbon dioxide between the supercritical fluid and gas phases. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 95, 535–540. [CrossRef] 31. Newman, R.H.; Franich, R.A.; Meder, R.; Hill, S.J.; Kroese, H.W.; Sandquist, D.; Hindmarsh, J.P.; Schmid, M.W.; Fuchs, J.; Behr, V.C. Proton magnetic resonance imaging used to investigate dewatering of green sapwood by cycling carbon dioxide between supercritical fluid and gas phase. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2016, 111, 36–42. [CrossRef]

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