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414 When sunlight returns to the Antarctica in the spring, the sun’s warmth breaks up the clouds and HOCl and Cl2 are photolysed by sunlight, as given in reactions (viii) and (ix). CHEMISTRY where pollutants enter the water -source. Non point sources of pollution are those where a source of pollution cannot be easily identified, e.g., agricultural run off (from farm, animals and crop-lands), acid rain, storm-water drainage (from streets, parking lots and lawns), etc. Table 14.1 lists the major water pollutants and their sources. 14.3.1 Causes of Water Pollution (i) Pathogens: The most serious water pollutants are the disease causing agents called pathogens. Pathogens include bacteria and other organisms that enter water from domestic sewage and animal excreta. Human excreta contain bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis which cause gastrointestinal diseases. (ii) Organic wastes: The other major water pollutant is organic matter such as leaves, grass, trash etc. They pollute water as a consequence of run off. Excessive phytoplankton growth within water is also a cause of water pollution. These wastes are biodegradable. The large population of bacteria decomposes organic matter present in water. They consume oxygen dissolved in water. The amount of oxygen that water can hold in the solution is limited. In cold water, dissolved oxygen (DO) can reach a concentration up to 10 ppm (parts per million), whereas oxygen in air is about 200,000 ppm. That is why even a moderate amount of organic matter when decomposes in water can deplete the water of its dissolved oxygen. The concentration of hν HOCl (g) → O H (g) hν • Cl2 (g) → 2Cl(g) + Cl(g) (viii) (ix) •• The chlorine radicals thus formed, initiate the chain reaction for ozone depletion as described earlier. Effects of Depletion of the Ozone Layer With the depletion of ozone layer, more UV radiation filters into troposphere. UV radiations lead to ageing of skin, cataract, sunburn, skin cancer, killing of many phytoplanktons, damage to fish productivity etc. It has also been reported that plant proteins get easily affected by UV radiations which leads to the harmful mutation of cells. It also increases evaporation of surface water through the stomata of the leaves and decreases the moisture content of the soil. Increase in UV radiations damage paints and fibres, causing them to fade faster. 14.3 WATER POLLUTION Water is essential for life. Without water there would be no life. We usually take water as granted for its purity, but we must ensure the quality of water. Pollution of water originates from human activities. Through different paths, pollution reaches surface or ground water. Easily identified source or place of pollution is called as point source. e.g., municipal and industrial discharge pipes Table 14.1 Major Water Pollutants Pollutant Source Micro-organisms Organic wastes Plant nutrients Toxic heavy metals Sediments Pesticides Radioactive substances Heat Domestic sewage Domestic sewage, animal excreta and waste, decaying animals and plants, discharge from food processing factories. Chemcial fertilizers Industries and chemical factories Erosion of soil by agriculture and strip mining Chemicals used for killing insects, fungi and weeds Mining of uranium containing minerals Water used for cooling in industries 2019-20PDF Image | ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
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