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1 INTRODUCTION This report summarises the work undertaken in the JRC to assess the most important technological, economic and environmental features of methanol and formic acid synthesis from CO2 based on models of the processes. While there is a need to decrease CO2 emissions, processes that utilise CO2 as a raw material are potentially seen as part of the portfolio of technologies that aim at decreasing overall CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. However, CO2 utilisation processes have not yet been widely introduced into the market. This report addresses the issues of profitability and potential CO2 emissions reduction from the selected products when they are produced by CO2. The current report evaluates the potential of methanol and formic acid synthesised by captured CO2 as likely CO2 mitigation options and analyses their competitiveness compared to current market conditions. 1.1 CO2 utilisation The contribution of fossil fuels to the energy share in Europe will continue to be higher than renewables and nuclear power in the short and medium term [2]. Moreover, process industries like cement, iron and steel, aluminium, pulp and paper, and refineries, have inherent CO2 emissions as a result of raw material conversion. According to the Energy Roadmap 2050 [2], carbon capture and storage (CCS) will have to be present in 7 % to 32 % of the fossil fuel power generation contribution by 2050, depending on the scenario considered, to meet a 80-95 % greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction by 2050, with 1990 as reference year. The 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework [3] proposes the reduction of GHG to at least 40 % of the 1990 level by 2030, to meet the 2050 objective. Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) stands for the capture of anthropogenic CO2 and its subsequent use in a synthesis process that utilises CO2 as a carbon molecule carrier. A carbon dioxide utilisation (CDU) process refers to the CO2 transformation process into another product with commercial value. It is noted that CDU processes may consume CO2 not only from power plants or heavy industries, but also CO2 present in the air, generated as by-product or naturally occurring CO2 (as from natural gas extraction). CDU should be considered as part of the CO2 abatement options (i) preventing the use of fossil fuel as raw material, and (ii) preventing net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, if compared to the benchmark process to synthesise a specific product. CDU processes may contribute to CO2 emissions reduction, capped by the demand of the synthesised product. Independently of the development of capture in power plants, the CDU processes can evolve towards a mature market, if CO2 is available, i.e. as by-product, or captured from other sources like in industrial plants or from the atmosphere. A variety of industrial synergies (as for captured CO2 "management") may be envisioned, yielding win-to-win situations between the plant which make CO2 available and the CDU plant. In CDU processes the CO2 molecule is chemically changed, in contrast to the use of CO2 in storage (CCS), enhanced oil recovery (EOR), or other uses like in food industry or as supercritical solvent, where the molecule remains unchanged [4], [5]. This is the reason why CDU for the production of fuels, chemicals and materials, has emerged not only as a possible complement to CO2 storage (at a much lower scale), but as a promising competitive advantage for the European industry (1)(2). Moreover, CO2-based products only imply a temporary storage of CO2 (except for mineralisation) [6]. Holistic approaches are therefore crucial to evaluate each CCU or CDU technology contribution to CO2 emissions abatement, taking into account CO2 1 For further information see the proceedings of the workshop "Transforming CO2 into value for a rejuvenated European economy" that took place in March 2015 in Brussels: http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/transforming-co2-into-value-for-a-rejuvenated-european-economy- pbKI0215532/ 2 https://setis.ec.europa.eu/publications/setis-magazine/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/chemical-valorisation-of-co2 15PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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