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Table 1 summarises the CDU products considered, the TRL of the CDU plants, the most common scale of conventional plants and worldwide production. The different plant production scales highlight the ranges of current manufacturing scales, in accordance with product demand and technology capabilities. The different TRL illustrate the heterogeneous level of development of the different processes considered. Table 1: CDU processes considered. CDU product Methanol [46] Formic acid [47] Urea [48] Calcium carbonate [49] Polyol for polyurethanes[50] TRL CDU process 6-7 3-5 9 6-9 3-5 Production scale (plant level) 400 kt/yr 10 kt/yr 500 kt/yr 80 kt/yr 120 kt/yr Production scale (worldwide) 61 Mt/yr (2012) 0.62 Mt/yr (2012) 150 Mt/yr (2010) 14 Mt/yr (2011) 8 Mt/yr (2012) BOX 1 Methanol and formic acid synthesis from CO2 as novel industrial processes are at different levels of technology readiness. Process simulation models are constructed to evaluate their technological, economic and environmental key performance indicators. The low TRL level implies that less data is available for model calibration and validation (thermodynamics, input/output data), and there is a larger amount of uncertainty associated to the final results. Data can come from laboratory experimental installations, pilot or commercial plants. These data can become publicly available through patents, scientific papers, journals or encyclopaedias, (from lower to higher TRL level) and companies/organisations webpages. For our methanol CDU case study, the information mainly comes from scientific papers, while for the formic acid CDU case study the process data are from scientific papers and mainly from a patent (the only source found in public domain depicting a complete synthesis process for the selected synthesis pathway in this study). 1.4 Objective of the study The objective of this work is to evaluate the abatement of CO2 through the production of methanol (MeOH, CH3OH) and formic acid (FA, CHOOH) by the CDU synthesis routes which are closer to commercialisation. The study investigates the competitiveness of each CCU plant in order to provide policy guidance. This implies: the identification of economic conditions for each CDU plant to become profitable, taking into account that these process are not fully commercial yet, the assessment of the potential to reduce CO2 emissions, from a plant point of view, when compared to the conventional synthesis processes to produce MeOH and FA, and from a market point of view. The latter takes into account the sectors most likely to use each product, i.e. the chemical industry, transport and energy. In order to address these points, we have defined a set of technological, economic and environmental indicators that are quantified following a specific methodology. 20PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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