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CO2convR 2 2 R CO inCO out Eq. (1) CO2inCO2out Eq. (2) 2 P Where, CO2in is the inlet flow rate to the reactor (R) or to the whole process (P), and CO2out is the outlet flow rate from the reactor or from the whole process, in tonnes per tonne or product. Analogous calculations are performed for the H2 stream. CO2 used. It is defined as the net amount of CO2 that is converted into product, in our gate- to-gate approach. It takes into account the difference between the amount of CO2 that enters the process as raw material and the direct and indirect emissions of CO2, these last due to electricity and/or steam consumptions, as in Eq. (3). CO2in CO2convP CO in CO2usedCO2in(CO2outCO2indirect)P Eq. (3) Where, CO2in is the inlet flow rate of CO2 (expressed in mass basis, in tonnes per tonne of product) that enters the whole process, CO2out is the total outlet flow rate of CO2 in purge streams and in product/by-product or residual streams, and CO2indirect are the CO2 emissions due to electricity and/or steam consumptions. The relevant energy and mass balances data from each CDU plant are contrasted with the available data of conventional plants to discuss the technological features. BOX 4 The metric CO2 used is employed as a design condition: it has to be positive for the CDU process, to emit less CO2 than the CO2 that is used as raw material. To quantitatively evaluate this metric, the European average, and a hypothetical "zero" CO2 emissions source been considered for indirect CO2 emissions calculation. The current work assumes as simplifying hypothesis that electricity and steam coming from renewable sources, contributes with zero CO2 emissions to the overall emissions balance. 2.2.2 Economic metrics Costs are calculated following a bottom-up approach with input data from the process model. The approach used to calculate the installed costs (inside battery limits investment - ISBL) follows the detailed factorial methodology described in Towler and Sinnott [54]. The calculation of the total capital expenditure (CAPEX), variable costs of production (VCP) and fixed costs of production (FCP) also follow the methodology from Towler and Sinnott [54]. The economic parameters and assumptions are provided in Appendix 1, Table 11. The gross margin (GM) is calculated as the difference between the revenues (REV), obtained from selling products and by-products, and the cost of raw materials (RM) (as in Eq. (4)). GM REV RM Eq. (4) The benefit/cost ratio (BCR) is defined as the ratio between the unitary benefit and the unitary cost, as in Eq. (5). This metric reflects how much of the cost to synthesise a product is covered by the benefit of selling it. 26PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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