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BCR Totalunitary benefit of selling the product Totalunitary costto make the product Eq. (5) Capital and operating costs from the CDU plant are compared with those of the conventional plant, when available, in order to compare the economic features of each plant. 2.2.3 Environmental metrics Two emissions-based metrics are defined to compare the CDU process with the conventional process, according to the gate-to-gate boundaries. These compare the CO2 balance, direct (CO2out) and indirect (CO2indirect) CO2 emissions of both plants, expressed in tonnes per tonne of product, without taking into account the inlet amount of CO2. In order to evaluate the CO2 savings due to the non-use of fossil fuels as raw material, the CO2 not-emitted is calculated as in Eq. (6). The CO2 change, expressed as a percentage (Eq. (7)), is calculated as the CO2 not-emitted (Eq. (6)) divided by the CO2 emissions from the conventional plant [59]. This last indicator denotes how significant the net CO2 emissions reduction could be at a plant level, if the traditional process were replaced by a CDU process. CO notemittedCO outCO indirect CO outCO indirect 2 22conv22CDU Eq.(6) CO2 change (%) CO2notemitted x100 (CO2outCO2indirect)conv The saving of fossil fuel due to the use of CO2 as carbon carrier is also evaluated. Eq. (7) BOX 5 The metric CO2 used, as a design requirement, affects CO2 not-emitted and CO2 change values. In order to evaluate both metrics, CDU and conventional plants (Figure 1) consider that (i) the sources of carbon and hydrogen in the CDU plant are CO2 and H2O, and that (ii) the fossil fuel is the source of carbon and hydrogen in the conventional plant. No further contribution is considered upstream the synthesis plant (i.e. neither CO2 capture, nor fossil fuel prospection). 2.3 Financial analysis The net present value (NPV) is the metric used to evaluate the profitability of the CDU plant from a private investor viewpoint. The following assumptions are taken into consideration: the economic CDU plant life is 20 years. A unique investment takes place at the beginning of the project; the capital expenses occur during the first three years of the life of the plant (30, 60 and 10 % of the total fixed capital cost – TFCC, respectively); there are revenues from year 3 of the project onwards. The plant operates at 30, 70 and 100 % of its capacity (91.3 %, which corresponds to 8 000 h of operation per year) during years 3, 4 and 5 and onwards; prices are estimated for year 2014, and are considered constant along the 20 years; no inflation is considered; pre-taxation rates are of concern (neither taxes nor depreciation are taken into account); 27PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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