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5 FORMIC ACID 5.1 Market overview and future prospects Formic acid finds its applications in textiles, pharmaceuticals and food chemicals, due to its strong acidic nature and reducing properties. Traditionally, the leather and tanning industry has been the largest consumer of FA, accounting in 2003 for 25 % of its global demand [119]. Since 2006, and due to the total European ban on non-prescribed feed antibiotics, its main application is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed [120], [121]. In 2013, the global demand for FA was 579 kt, of which 34 % was attributed to animal feed. Leather tanning accounted for 32 % and textile dyeing for 13 % [122]. Its global production reached 620 kt in 2012 and it is expected to be more than 760 kt in 2019 [47]. The world capacity of FA reached 697 kt in 2013. The global market is expected to grow with an average annual growth rate of 3.8 % up to 2019 [47], [122]. In Europe, important FA producers are BASF, with production sites in Germany; Tamico (ex Kemira Oyj) with sites in Finland; and Perstorp with sites in Sweden. The total installed capacity in Europe is around 350 kt/yr, with about 60 % of it located in Germany [123], [124] and 30 % in Finland [119], [125]. Formic acid can be found in the market at concentrations of 85, 90, 95, 98 and 99 wt %, with 85 % being the most common [121]. The impurity content depends on the production process and it is a decisive factor for its price. In 2014, FA of 85 % grade was sold in Europe for EUR 0.51 – 0.60/kg [122]. Formic acid is a high priced product, with a concentrated, small and mature market, with low risk of substitution. Formic acid synthesis process from CO2 and H2 has a TRL of 3-5 taking into account homogeneous catalysis and electro-reduction, as summarised in the following lines. Different patents on the synthesis of FA from CO2 and H2 using homogeneous catalysts have been granted to companies like BP (see for instance, [126]–[128]) and BASF (as for example, [129], [130]). The most recent patents were granted to BASF. The efforts are focused on decreasing energy consumption. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) [131] and Mantra Venture Group [132], [133] have reported their experiences with the electro-reduction of water and CO2 to obtain FA as main product, with oxygen as by-product. DNV (2007) [131] has a small-scale demonstration electro-reduction plant, of 350 kg FA/yr. Mantra Venture Group (2015) [132] have finished the engineering work on a pilot plant, which produces 35 t FA/yr. Laboratory research on the electro-reduction of CO2 to FA aims at a continuous synthesis process; materials research is fundamental in the field, as for the electrode and solvent, as studied in [134], [135]. A number of studies describe the potential of FA for H2 storage, as a non-toxic and easy-to-store chemical [136], [137]. Formic acid synthesis from CO2 and H2 is an energy-intensive process due to the necessary processes to separate FA from the catalysts and solvents needed to synthesise it. Different laboratory and fundamental research approaches analyse the use of supercritical CO2, ionic liquids, ruthenium- and rhodium-based catalysts, in acid or basic media [138]–[142] looking for increasing the overall reaction efficiency. The dehydrogenation of FA to provide H2 is similarly studied and needs further R & D [143], [144]. 5.1.1 Legislation for formic acid use As a chemical, FA is registered under the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) system [86]. It is also covered by the EU Biocides Regulation (528/2012) for fungicide applications and the Feed Additive and Premixture Quality System (FAMI-QS) for feed applications. Formic acid is a toxic chemical with a dangerous toxic load of 6 150 ppm per min to a certain level 45PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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