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6 RESULTS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FORMIC ACID 6.1 KPI evaluation Table 6 summarises FA CDU plant technological, economic and environmental KPIs. For the consumption of catalysts, solvent and amine it is assumed that the catalysts are renewed once a year [112] and that solvent and amine are completely renewed once every 10 years. The amount of catalyst used in the reactor is based on the reaction time and the turnover frequency of the catalyst, reported in [130]: 30 kg/yr for the ruthenium-based catalyst, and 15 kr/yr for the phosphine-based catalyst are obtained. Appendix 1 Table 12 shows the prices considered for the estimation of operating costs. For the evaluation of indirect CO2 emissions, the factors used are 0.508 tCO2/MWh for electricity consumption [113], and 0.072 tCO2/GJ of steam needed [43]. The steam needed by the FA process results in HP and MP steam, with reboilers from units 26 and 28 as main consumers. Table 6: KPIs results for the FA CDU plant. * As resulted in the model and including CO2, H2, water, solvent and amine; however, for costs estimation, we have taken into account the assumptions mentioned along the text, regarding theoretical renewal periods and consumptions for catalysts, solvent and amine. Technological metrics Mass balance (t/tFA) Inlet CO2 0.834 Inlet H2O 0.595 Make-ups* 0.266 Outlet FA 1 Outlet H2O 0.060 Outlet O2 0.477 Off-gases 0.158 Energy balance (MWh/tFA) Electricity consumption 4.054 Electricity consumption (w/o electrolyser) 0.296 Heating needs 2.783 Cooling needs 2.962 CO2convR (%) 81 CO2convP (%) 96 H2convR (%) 19 H2convP (%) 62 CO2 used (tCO2/tFA) (renewable electrolyser and steam) Economic metrics ISBL (M€) CAPEX (M€) VCP (M€/yr) FCP (M€/yr) GM (M€/yr) BCR (-) 0.668 6.7 16.2 14.8 3.5 7.7 0.43 53PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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