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dimension each one of the plants. Since renewable (or zero CO2 emissions) sources are crucial for the studied processes, this fact allows us to conclude that the dimension of the CDU plant will have to follow the renewable electricity made available for the CDU plant. The purpose of this report was to provide an overview and rough values for the MeOH and FA CDU processes. The main questions to answer were about technological feasibility, economic viability and CO2 emissions savings. As for the technological feasibility, the modelling work has demonstrated its feasibility, however, with some uncertainty, especially for FA process, due to the low TRL of the process and the low publicly available information. The consumption of electricity is important in the processes, as they use H2 as raw material. Similarly important is steam consumption for FA process (note that electrolysis and steam are also dominant in the electrochemical synthesis of FA [21]). In the current work we proposed as a design condition of the CDU processes the positive value of the metric CO2 used; this made integrating renewables (or zero CO2 emissions sources) in both processes. Regarding the economic viability, product prices have demonstrated to have an important impact on the NPV of both plants; CO2 price may help on the implementation of CDU processes, but this variable does not have the largest impact on the plant's economics. A price of MeOH almost 4 times its current market price, would allow positive revenues. Nevertheless, access to "free" and low-cost electricity would allow MeOH CDU plant competitiveness, at current market prices, and at a CO2 price of EUR 38/t. A FA price about 2.5 times the current market price, would allow revenues for such an investment. Moreover, this price increase would not be that high if catalysts are available at lower price (more R & D is essential), and if electricity is also available at a lower price. Therefore, access to low-cost and "zero" CO2 emissions electricity is needed for the studied CDU processes, with important electricity consumption due to the use of an electrolyser. Under the depicted conditions, the use of the CDU plants instead of the conventional plants emits less CO2 and saves fossil fuels. CO2 emissions available for CDU processes are not limited to power plant flue gases. A variety of synergies (as for captured CO2 "management") may be envisioned, yielding win-to-win situations, not only for power plants or industrial plants, but also for renewable plants that would like to store electricity as part of their strategy. The results of this report demonstrate that, under particular conditions, CDU products may be competitive in the current market. See for instance the specific situation of Carbon Recycling International (CRI), and its George Olah Renewable Methanol Plant in Iceland (17). The feedstock CO2 comes from the flue gas (non-condensable gas, i.e. gas that do not condensate with steam) from a geothermal power plant placed in the methanol plant facility. The electricity used in the plant comes from the grid, mainly renewable (hydrothermal and geothermal energy) and at a relatively low price, EUR 40/MWh (18), compared to the average (2013-2015) EUR 95/MWh used in this report for EU-28. The demands for MeOH and FA could increase notably, if MeOH is motivated in the transport sector, and if H2 economy is explicitly encouraged. FA CDU process is, though, a process with lower TRL than the MeOH one. Moreover, to be a H2 carrier, R & D will have to focus on the synthesis of FA with CO2 and H2, and on the release of H2 through the decomposition of FA (i.e. the circular approach described in Section 6.3). The depicted 2030 penetration pathways for MeOH, even if hypothetical, are more realistic than the represented penetration pathways for FA; one would expect that the increase of MeOH use, and thus, CO2-based MeOH synthesis would happen before a rise in FA consumption. 17 http://carbonrecycling.is/projects-1/ 18 http://orkusetur.is/raforka/raforkuverd-samanburdur/ 63PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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