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Table 14: Hypotheses and parameters assumed for each penetration pathway for MeOH. Penetration pathway for MeOH P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 Hypotheses and parameters The demand for formaldehyde is growing at 5 % a year. The demand for fuel applications, at 6.5 % a year, up to 2018 (Section 3.1). The imported amount of MeOH into Europe is fully covered by CCU plants, i.e. the total consumption of MeOH is 2.62 times its production (Section 3.1). No further increase of imports (newer plants) is considered. Total European International Marine Bunkers from [116]. A MeOH engine can have an efficiency of 50 %, compared to an average 35 % of a HFO engine [175]. The gasoline ICE efficiency is prevented from increasing by 20-30 %, from 21 % [176]. This improvement is assumed to be already considered in the predictions from [115]. The mixture gasoline- MeOH, following mono-fuel indications, does not modify the efficiency of the gasoline engine. The conversion factor is 0.395 kg MeOH/kg MTBE [177]. The mixture gasoline-MTBE, following mono- fuel indications, does not modify the efficiency of the gasoline engine. The conversion factor is 1.113 kg MeOH/kg ethanol [178], [179]. The mixture gasoline-MTBE, following mono-fuel indications, does not modify the efficiency of the gasoline engine. It is assumed that the efficiency of the engine working with the M85 mixture is the same as the efficiency of the engine working with 100 % gasoline. The conversion factor is 1.113 kg MeOH/kg ethanol [178], [179]. The diesel ICE efficiency is around 25 % [176]. Any improvement is assumed to be already considered in the predictions from [115]. The conversion factor is 1.46 kg MeOH/kg DME [114]. It is assumed, that as a mono-fuel vehicle, the efficiency of the diesel engine is not modified. The conversion factor is 0.1136 kg MeOH/kg Rape Methyl Ester [180]. It is assumed, that as a mono- fuel vehicle, the efficiency of the diesel engine is not modified. The conversion factor is 0.1136 kg MeOH/kg Rape Methyl Ester [180]. According to [115] the penetration of fuel cells is of 0.018 % of the total electricity needs in the residential sector. The efficiency of the RMFC, as conversion of the inlet MeOH into electricity, is 39% ([181], JRC conversations with experts). From the total electricity needs in the residential sector, 7 % belong to cooking needs [115]. It is assumed that all the cooking needs are supplied by LPG. The conversion factor is 1.46 kg MeOH/kg DME [114]. According to [115] the penetration of fuel cells is of 0.013 % of the total electricity needs in the industrial sector. The efficiency of the RMFC, as conversion of the inlet MeOH into electricity, is 39 % ([181], JRC conversations with experts). 84PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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