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Table 15: Description of each penetration pathway for FA synthesis from CO2. Conservative and optimistic points of view differ in the percentages of energy demand replaced by the product synthesised by CO2. Penetration pathways for FA for year 2030, except for PF1 and PF5 PF1. Current demand (2013); the yearly increase of demand in Europe is provided by CDU plants, up to 2018. PF2. Passenger and light commercial vehicles; H2 (FA as H2 carrier) is blended with CNG in an ICE. As a CNG flex-fuel vehicle, 20 % H2 and 80 % CNG in mass basis is allowed [173]. The percentages in the different points of view correspond to the provision of H2 in the replacement of the energy needs of the CNG fleet, predicted by PTTMAM. PF3. Passenger and light commercial vehicles; H2 (FA as H2 carrier) is used in FCV. The percentages correspond to the provision of H2 in the FCV fleet predicted by PTTMAM. PF4. Synthesis of MeOH from captured CO2; FA as H2 carrier is used to satisfy the growing demand of MeOH. PF5. Current demand (2013) of merchant H2; FA as H2 carrier is used to satisfy the growing demand of merchant H2. PF6. Fuel cells for electricity supply in the residential sector; FA is used as a H2 carrier in PEMFC. The percentages in the different points of view correspond to the contribution of FA in the PEMFC share. PF7. Fuel cells for electricity supply in the industrial sector; FA is used as a H2 carrier in PEMFC. The percentages in the different points of view correspond to the contribution of FA in the PEMFC share. PF8. Micro fuel cells for portable devices; FA is used as hydrogen carrier. PF9. H2 as combustible in airplanes; replacing kerosene. FA is used as a H2 carrier. Conservative point of view 1 year 10 % 10 % 0.5 Mt MeOH/yr 1 year 10 % 10 % Optimistic point of view 5 years 30 % 30 % 1 Mt MeOH/yr 5 years 30 % 30 % Not realistic for 2030 Not realistic for 2030 Penetration pathway for FA PF1 PF2 PF3 PF4 PF5 PF6 PF7 Table 16: Hypotheses and parameters assumed for each penetration pathway for FA. Hypotheses and parameters The demand for FA is growing at 2.6 % a year (Section 5.1). The conversion factor results in 25.6 kg FA/kg H2, assuming a molar conversion efficiency of 90 % in the process FA to H2. The mixture H2-CNG does not modify the efficiency of the gas engine. The conversion factor results in 25.6 kg FA/kg H2, assuming a conversion efficiency of 95 % in the process FA to H2. According to our modelling work, 0.2 tH2/tMeOH are needed. The conversion factor results in 25.6 kg FA/kg H2, assuming a conversion efficiency of 95 % in the process FA to H2. The overall global demand for H2 is growing at an average of 5.5 % a year. It is extrapolated to the specific demand of merchant H2, which corresponds to 9 % of the total H2 demand. It is assumed that the EU demand is equal to its production, of 92 billion m3 (Section 1.2.2). The conversion factor results in 25.6 kg FA/kg H2, assuming a conversion efficiency of 95 % in the process FA to H2. According to [115] the penetration of fuel cells is of 0.018 % of the total electricity needs in the residential sector. The contribution of PEMFC to the total fuel cell penetration is 90 %. The efficiency of the PEMFC, as conversion of the inlet H2 into electricity, is 45 % [182]. The conversion factor results in 25.6 kg FA/kg H2, assuming a conversion efficiency of 95 % in the process FA to H2. According to [115] the penetration of fuel cells is of 0.013 % of the total electricity needs in the industrial sector. The contribution of PEMFC to the total fuel cell penetration is 90 %. The efficiency of the PEMFC, as conversion of the inlet H2 into electricity, is 45 % [182].The conversion factor results in 25.6 kg FA/kg H2, assuming a conversion efficiency of 95 % in the process FA to H2. 85PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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