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Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2007, 924 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Green chemistry: the emergence of a transformative framework Paul T. Anastas* and Evan S. Beach Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Received 21 December 2007; final form 21 December 2007) Since the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry were formulated in the 1990s, there have been tremendous successes in developing new products and processes to be more compatible with human health, the environment, andsustainabilitygoals.Thisreviewgivesasamplingofresearchsuccessesfromthelast20years,including advances in synthetic efficiency, application of alternative synthetic methods, use of less hazardous solvents and reagents, and development of renewable resources for chemical feedstocks. The future of green chemistry will depend on innovations that consolidate and integrate these achievements that have been made, using all Twelve Principles as a framework for intentional design. Designing for sustainability and reduced hazard should not be viewed as constraining, but rather as providing the freedom to explore and invent, bridging continents and scientific disciplines to create new solutions. Keywords: Sustainable design, Twelve Principles, synthetic efficiency, catalysis, alternative synthetic methods, alternative solvents, renewable feedstocks Introduction The achievements of green chemistry in the years since it emerged as a cohesive field in the early 1990s have been remarkable. It is important to recognize the scientific breakthroughs that have been made through excellent research as well as through the other elements of education, industrial engagement, and outreach that are required to provide the broader structure needed to drive the field. It is also necessary, however, to use this understanding of how far green chemistry has come as a field to analyze where the greatest opportunities and challenges for the future lie, and what essential steps need to be taken to advance the field so that it can reach its power and potential of advancing sustainability through funda- mental chemistry. When looking at the historical roots of green chemistry, it is important to recognize the founda- tional building blocks that are central to the field. Chemistry has made tremendous advances over the past century and a half or more in facilitating the skills of synthesis and analysis to the point that we can make virtually any molecule that can be drawn and obtain a characterization of molecules, materials, and complex molecular sys- tems. As these skills emerged, selectivity was emphasized to make our construction of com- *Corresponding author. Email: paul.anastas@yale.edu ISSN 1751-8253 print/ISSN 1751-7192 online # 2007 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/17518250701882441 http://www.informaworld.com pounds more efficient, and properties such as rudimentary biodegradability were addressed in making new products. These and other chemistry skills directly relevant to green chemistry goals were important advances. Green chemistry emerged from this disparate collection of skills and sought to provide a structured design framework that could exploit the abilities of chemists and molecular designers to consciously and intentionally address the issues of the fundamental impact of chemicals on human health, the environ- ment, and sustainability. The work of the green chemistry community, globally, has resulted in sig- nificant progress in illustrating that this approach, this design framework, can be a reality in practice and not merely a design theory. With the introduction of the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry, guidelines were provided for che- mists to develop clean, environmentally benign meth- odologies that are sustainable for the long term (1). This overview highlights some advances made in major green chemistry research areas: . Increased use of addition reactions and rearrange- ments, and decreased reliance on elimination and substitution reactions. Research aimed at improving the selectivity of this chemistry is crucial, and often depends on advances in catalysis.PDF Image | Green chemistry: the emergence of a transformative framework
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