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20 P. T. Anastas and E. S. Beach Figure 14. Progress toward a viable phosgene-free synthesis of dimethyl carbonate: one-pot reaction using a heterogeneous catalyst (165). 2. Innovation is the lifeblood of green chemistry. Too often throughout the past, any new technology that has benefited human health and the environment has been focused on what you are not allowed to do or what you must do less of. The historical approaches were to eliminate, minimize, lessen, reduce, etc. The approach was usually about design constraints. In green chemistry, the strategy is to see what you can create and what you can invent. New materials, transformations, methodologies, solvents, mole- cules, analyses, and tools are the hallmark of green chemistry, and the research portfolio of the field reflects this orientation. Rather than having to consider design constraints, the new chemistry is providing new design opportunities in the way that all new perspectives and advances have. 3. Green chemistry must have a solutions orientation. As we look at advancing sustainability, there has been a tremendous effort on measuring, monitoring, reviewing, assessing, and characterizing problems. These problems include energy, climate, water availability, food production, health and medicine, pollution, and much more. While it is important to understand the nature of the problems we face in order to effectively address them, green chemistry focuses on the solutions to these problems: what are the new alternatives, the next generation of sub- stances that will make sure that the energy and material basis of our society and economy more sustainable? As important as fully understanding a problem is, a diagnosis is only good if it assists in creating a cure. Having a ‘‘solutions orientation’’ often requires a broader perspective than has traditionally been the case when approaching our science from a ‘‘problem orientation.’’ More than mere semantics, the distinction between these two approaches can be the difference between asking the question ‘‘how do I change this molecule or this transformation?’’ versus ‘‘how do I get the service or function that I hope to achieve regardless of the particular molecule or particular transformation?’’ 4. Green chemistry and the set of design principles is a cohesive system, not a list of unrelated goals. Many of the advances in green chemistry technologies have been important incremental advances that have illustrated the ability to achieve various goals. Re- search has focused on particular principles within the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry such as solvent replacement or atom economy. As we see green chemistry evolving, there is a recognition that the most transformative breakthroughs will occur when we view the Twelve Principles as an integrated system. This system will be used to design synergies and minimize or avoid trade-offs between the Principles. The leap-frog innovations that will come through using the systems approach will be necessary to truly address many of the sustainability challenges we face. In all, there is reason for excitement that the nascent research field of green chemistry has only begun to demonstrate its power and potential for using funda- mental sciences for the benefit of man, the environ- ment, and the economy. Now that the concepts have been dramatically and unequivocally demonstrated over the course of recent years, both in the scientific and industrial realms, we are now entering the phase of exploring the breadth, range and scope of the possible achievements in green chemistry. It has been said that the term green chemistry was derived from the dual connotations of the word ‘‘Green’’ con- cerned with the environment and the color of the US dollar. There is an additional connotation of the word ‘‘green’’ which is young, fresh, and new. The science of green chemistry is showing that the creativity of thoughtful practitioners of every continent are gen- erating young, fresh, and new chemistry that will help drive this transformation of both theory and practice. References (1) Anastas, P.T.; Warner, J.C. In Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice; Oxford University Press: Ox- ford, 1998. (2) Trost, B.M. Science. 1991, 254, 14711477. (3) Wender, P.A.; Ternansky, R.J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 26252628. (4) Bertz, S.H.; Sommer, T.J. Chem. Commun. 1997, 24092410. (5) Sheldon, R.A. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72, 12331246. (6) Constable, D.J.C.; Curzons, A.D.; Cunningham, V.L. Green Chem. 2002, 4, 521527. (7) Dunn, P.J.; Galvin, S.; Hettenbach, K. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 4348. (8) Herrchen, M.; Klein, W. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72, 12471252. (9) Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Chem- istry 2005. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/2005/chemadv05.pdf (accessed Sept 18, 2007). (10) Trnka, T.M.; Grubbs, R.H. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 1829. (11) Mol, J.C. Green Chem. 2002, 4, 513.PDF Image | Green chemistry: the emergence of a transformative framework
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