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Polymers 2017, 9, 626 2 of 15 as unique photoconverters. Based on their structure, they can possibly absorb and emit light in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum [3]. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a high-strength commercially available amorphous thermoplastic polymer. PMMA exhibits prominent mechanical, dimensional, and thermal stabilities, as well as a high optical transparency with a relatively low glass transition temperature [4,5]. PMMA is resistant and stable to acid and alkaline media, owing to its rigid behaviour [6]. It is well reported that the optical characterizations of solid polymer films are crucial to obtain knowledge regarding their energy gap, refractive index, and dielectric constant, which are vital for various optical applications [7]. The prepared dye-doped polymeric materials that exhibit suitable optical properties are found to be promising candidates for the applications of solar cells, photonic devices, optical fibres, laser media, and electronic sensors [8,9]. The natural and synthetic dyes are compounds of great interest as they play a significant role in our everyday life [10]. The dye-doped polymers are considered to be potential materials in optoelectronics particularly in making devices, employment in organic light emitting diodes (OLED), liquid crystal (LC) displays, quantum electronics, electroluminescence, solar cells, and energy storage [10,11]. Triphenylmethane, azo, anthraquinone, perylene, and indigoid dyes are more interesting among the large number of dye categories [10]. Several dye-doped polymers were reported in previous studies. A maximum absorption peak at around 564 nm for the doped PMMA polymer with a well-known rhodamine B/chloranilic acid (Rho B/CHA) has been observed in [8]. They have achieved a bandgap of 3.1 eV after γ-irradiation. Hamdy et al. [6] have used methylene blue (MB) as a doping dye material and a distinguishable peak at around 654 nm has been achieved in their study. Sun et al. [12] have studied the phenanthrenequinone (PQ)-doped PMMA as a photopolymer material for fast response in optoelectronics applications. In photonic networks, fast uncomplicated and economical fabrication process are required to achieve a successful application of solid-state dye lasers that can reliably produce a large number of lasers with tunable wavelengths, configuring at almost any time [2]. In this study, a natural dye, which is extracted from green tea (GT) leaves, was used as a doping dye. It is well known that tea derived from Camellia sinensis leaves is the most widely consumed drink globally. It can be classified, in accordance with the level of oxidation, into three major types: green (unoxidized), oolong (partially oxidized), and black (fully oxidized) tea [13]. Previous studies confirmed from the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) observations that theanine, theobromine, gallic acid, gallocatechin, caffeine, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechingallate, gallocatechingallate, epicatechingallate, and catechingallate are the major components of GT extracts [13,14], which contains a very large number of OH/NH functional groups and their conjugated double bonds. Thus, the dye of green tea holds many conjugated and functional groups, which are found to be considerably important in the dye-doped polymer preparation. The intensive and extensive survey of previous studies reveals that absorption peaks at high wavelength cannot be exhibited from most of the dye-doped polymers. The primary objective of the present study is to fabricate a dye-doped polymer with an absorption peak at high wavelength, using a natural dye obtained from environmentally friendly materials. The results can also provide more knowledge in the field of dye-doped polymers. To the best of our knowledge, our findings reveal the suitability of dye-doped PMMA polymer for photonics and solar cell applications due to its small band gap. 2. Experimental 2.1. Preparation of Dye-Doped PMMA Solid Polymeric Films The PMMA polymeric material used in this study was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). The well-known solution casting technique was used to prepare the dye-doped PMMA polymer films. First, 1 g of PMMA powder was dissolved in 30 mL of acetone at room temperature. The mixture was then stirred using a magnetic stirrer for approximately 4 h. Natural colorant tea extract was derived from green tea leaves. For this purpose, 30 g of green tea leaves was added to 60 mL ofPDF Image | Green Chemistry Fabricate Small Band Gap Polymers
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