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Polymers 2017, 9, 626 Polymers 2017, 9, 626 6 of 15 6 of 15 Transmittance (a.u) 3612 3534 2042 1955 2847 3432 2943 3400 2900 481 3900 1712 1369 748 2400 1900 1400 900 400 wavenumber (cm-1) Figure 4. FTIR spectra of dye doped PMMA polymer (GT 28). Shifting of peaks and their broadening Figure 4. FTIR spectra of dye doped PMMA polymer (GT 28). Shifting of peaks and their broadening is evidence for the complex formation between the extract GT solution and PMMA polymer. is evidence for the complex formation between the extract GT solution and PMMA polymer. 3.2. Absorption and Absorption Coefficient Study 3.2. Absorption and Absorption Coefficient Study Figure 5 shows the absorption spectra of pure PMMA and PMMA doped samples. Here, from Figure 5 shows the absorption spectra of pure PMMA and PMMA doped samples. Here, from the absorption spectra of the doped samples, it is achievable to obtain almost all of the different types the absorption spectra of the doped samples, it is achievable to obtain almost all of the different of electronic transition. The absorption of light or photon energy, in the UV and visible regions, by types of electronic transition. The absorption of light or photon energy, in the UV and visible regions, polymeric materials involves the σ, π, and n-orbitals electrons to be promoted from the ground state by polymeric materials involves the σ, π, and n-orbitals electrons to be promoted from the ground to higher energy states that are described by molecular orbital [28]. The electronic transitions state to higher energy states that are described by molecular orbital [28]. The electronic transitions involved in the ultraviolet region, 160–260 nm, can be ascribed to n→σ* transition [27], while π→π* involved in the ultraviolet region, 160–260 nm, can be ascribed to n→σ* transition [27], while π→π* and n→π* transitions require relatively low energy and, hence, occur at higher wavelengths, as and n→π* transitions require relatively low energy and, hence, occur at higher wavelengths, as shown shown in Figure 5. The absorption peaks that were observed at high wavelengths, 400–700 nm, for in Figure 5. The absorption peaks that were observed at high wavelengths, 400–700 nm, for the PMMA the PMMA doped samples are related to the existence of π electrons [28–30]. Similar absorption doped samples are related to the existence of π electrons [28–30]. Similar absorption spectra, for spectra, for extracted GT in ethyl acetate solvent, have been reported [31]. It was well established that extracted GT in ethyl acetate solvent, have been reported [31]. It was well established that conjugated conjugated systems comprising alternating double bonds are considered to be a central class of systems comprising alternating double bonds are considered to be a central class of materials for the materials for the applications of optoelectronic devices due to their π-excessive nature [32]. The applications of optoelectronic devices due to their π-excessive nature [32]. The shifting towards the shifting towards the longer wavelengths indicates the small band gaps of the doped samples [33]. It longer wavelengths indicates the small band gaps of the doped samples [33]. It was reported that was reported that strong shifts towards the longer wavelengths can be attributed to the existence of strong shifts towards the longer wavelengths can be attributed to the existence of π-delocalization π-delocalization along the polymer chain. This postulation is further supported by the absence of along the polymer chain. This postulation is further supported by the absence of absorption peaks absorption peaks in absorption spectra of pure PMMA polymer [32]. The source of π-delocalization in absorption spectra of pure PMMA polymer [32]. The source of π-delocalization in the doped in the doped samples is found to be related to the structure of the extracted GT solution containing samples is found to be related to the structure of the extracted GT solution containing polyphenols, polyphenols, amino acids, alkaloids, proteins, glucides, minerals, volatile compounds, and trace amino acids, alkaloids, proteins, glucides, minerals, volatile compounds, and trace elements [14]. elements [14]. Polyphenols comprise the most interesting group of GT leaf components [34]. The most Polyphenols comprise the most interesting group of GT leaf components [34]. The most determined determined chemicals or molecular structures of the components of the extracted GT solution can be chemicals or molecular structures of the components of the extracted GT solution can be observed observed elsewhere [13,14,34,35]. Earlier studies confirmed that the extracted GT solution contains elsewhere [13,14,34,35]. Earlier studies confirmed that the extracted GT solution contains adequate adequate conjugated double bonds, hydroxyl (OH), carboxylic (C=O) groups, polyphenols, and conjugated double bonds, hydroxyl (OH), carboxylic (C=O) groups, polyphenols, and polyphenol polyphenol conjugates which are convenient for the formation of complexes with functional (polar) conjugates which are convenient for the formation of complexes with functional (polar) groups of groups of polymeric materials [13,14,34–36]. The results of FTIR clearly showed the complex polymeric materials [13,14,34–36]. The results of FTIR clearly showed the complex formation between formation between the GT dye and PMMA polymer (see Figure 3). Dye-doped PMMA as a polymer the GT dye and PMMA polymer (see Figure 3). Dye-doped PMMA as a polymer optical waveguide optical waveguide has received considerable attention for its usage in optoelectronics devices and has received considerable attention for its usage in optoelectronics devices and optical components, optical components, owing to its low cost and volume productivity [37]. Figure 6 shows the owing to its low cost and volume productivity [37]. Figure 6 shows the absorption spectra of pure absorption spectra of pure PMMA and dye-doped PMMA samples at longer wavelengths. One can PMMA and dye-doped PMMA samples at longer wavelengths. One can see from the figure that the see from the figure that the GT 28 sample exhibits a distinct and intense peak at 670 nm, which reveals GT 28 sample exhibits a distinct and intense peak at 670 nm, which reveals its suitability for photonics its suitability for photonics and optoelectronics applications. Utilization of natural dye is the novelty of this study in comparison to previous studies of other researchers. Furthermore, the intensity of the peak (3.460) is higher than those reported in previous studies for dye-doped PMMA polymer.PDF Image | Green Chemistry Fabricate Small Band Gap Polymers
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