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Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 42 Energies 2019, 12, 809 5 of 41 Biodiesel is the main biofuel used in EU transportation systems and in 2016 it was produced mainly by triglycerides from edible vegetable oils such as sunflower oil (3%), soybean oil (7%), palm Biodiesel is the main biofuel used in EU transportation systems and in 2016 it was produced oil (15%) and rapeseed oil (47%). Non-edible yellow grease and animal fats contributed 18% and 8%, mainly by triglycerides from edible vegetable oils such as sunflower oil (3%), soybean oil (7%), palm oil respectively [28]. At the same time, bio-ethanol in the EU is produced using sugars and starches (15%) and rapeseed oil (47%). Non-edible yellow grease and animal fats contributed 18% and 8%, from edible crops such as sugar beet (57.9%), corn (19.8%), wheat (18.8%), barley (1.8%) and rye respectively [28]. At the same time, bio-ethanol in the EU is produced using sugars and starches from (1.8%) [28]. These numbers makeclear that the biofuel industry is heavily dependent on edible seeds edible crops such as sugar beet (57.9%), corn (19.8%), wheat (18.8%), barley (1.8%) and rye (1.8%) [28]. and crops with obvious food security implications. In view of this problem a 2014 European Council These numbers makeclear that the biofuel industry is heavily dependent on edible seeds and crops decision has set that in 2020 first generation biodiesel and bio-ethanol from edible raw biomass must with obvious food security implications. In view of this problem a 2014 European Council decision has not contribute more than 7% of the transportation energy, promoting the production of second set that in 2020 first generation biodiesel and bio-ethanol from edible raw biomass must not contribute generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass [31]. more than 7% of the transportation energy, promoting the production of second generation biofuels Liquid biofuels may be produced by a large variety of biomass feedstocks which can be from lignocellulosic biomass [31]. classified by type as: a) triglycerides, b) sugars and starches and c) lignocellulosic biomass. Liquid biofuels may be produced by a large variety of biomass feedstocks which can be classified by type as: (a) triglycerides, (b) sugars and starches and (c) lignocellulosic biomass. 2.1. Triglycerides 2.1. TrigOlyilcearnidesfat triglycerides share a common chemical structure as shown in Figure 2a. They have as a backbone the trialcohol glycerol (C3H8O3, Figure 2b) and they are formed by the substitution of Oil and fat triglycerides share a common chemical structure as shown in Figure 2a. They have as the H2 atoms of the three hydroxyl radicals (O–H) of the alcohol by three fatty acid residues. a backbone the trialcohol glycerol (C3H8O3, Figure 2b) and they are formed by the substitution of the Although vegetable oils are preferred as the main lipid source for biodiesel and green diesel H2 atoms of the three hydroxyl radicals (O–H) of the alcohol by three fatty acid residues. Although production, animal and fish fats have also great potential for the production of biofuels. Rich vegetable oils are preferred as the main lipid source for biodiesel and green diesel production, animal triglyceride sources are also waste cooking oils (WCO) such as waste palm oil, waste rapeseed oil and fish fats have also great potential for the production of biofuels. Rich triglyceride sources are also and waste sunflower oil [32–34]. waste cooking oils (WCO) such as waste palm oil, waste rapeseed oil and waste sunflower oil [32–34]. a) Oil and fat triglycerides b) Glycerol (C3H8O3) c) Three different fatty acids Figure 2. (a) The common chemical structure of oil and fat triglycerides, (b) the glycerol molecule and Figure 2. a) The common chemical structure of oil and fat triglycerides, b) the glycerol molecule and (c) symbolization of three different fatty acids. c) symbolization of three different fatty acids. Table 2 presents typical wt% composition of these fatty acids in the most common vegetable Table 2 presents typical wt% composition of these fatty acids in the most common vegetable oils oils and in some animal and fish fats. Vegetable oils have high concentrations of unsaturated fatty and in some animal and fish fats. Vegetable oils have high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids acids such as linolenic (18:3), linoleic (18:2) and oleic (18:1) acids. Instead, animal fats have higher such as linolenic (18:3), linoleic (18:2) and oleic (18:1) acids. Instead, animal fats have higher concentrations of saturated fatty acids such as stearic (18:0) and palmitic (16:0) [35–37]. concentrations of saturated fatty acids such as stearic (18:0) and palmitic (16:0) [35–37]. Microalgae represent a new biomass family which is expected to support the production of the so Microalgae represent a new biomass family which is expected to support the production of the called “third generation” biodiesel and green diesel fuels. These are primary unicellular organisms so called “third generation” biodiesel and green diesel fuels. These are primary unicellular that are found in abundance in all aquatic systems and can serve as a plentiful source of triglyceride organisms that are found in abundance in all aquatic systems and can serve as a plentiful source of oils [38,39]. Microalgae have significant growth rates and can be produced in non-arable places, triglyceride oils [38,39]. Microalgae have significant growth rates and can be produced in non-arable avoiding the undesirable competition for cultivation land. Moreover, research is underway on the places, avoiding the undesirable competition for cultivation land. Moreover, research is underway genetic manipulation of microalgae for the development of improved strains for each desired final on the genetic manipulation of microalgae for the development of improved strains for each desired product [40]. The most common fatty acids of microalgae are palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), final product [40]. The most common fatty acids of microalgae are palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3) and some species may also have eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3) and some species may also have eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), as shown for some microalgae species in Table 3 [41]. The methods and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), as shown for some microalgae species in Table 3 [41]. The methods employed for the extraction, characterization and purification of the algae lipids have been recently employed for the extraction, characterization and purification of the algae lipids have been recently summarized by Santillan-Jimenez et al. [42]. summarized by Santillan-Jimenez et al. [42]. .PDF Image | Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies
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