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Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 42 hydrodesulfurization of the gas oil in the same reactor and over the same sulfided catalysts such as Energies 2019, 12, 809 10 of 41 Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3. The co-processing typically takes place at 350–450 °C and 50–100 bar by mixing 5–20% vegetable oils with 80–95% gas oil and leads to gas phase products such as C1–C4 saturated hydrocarbons, green propane, CO, CO2 etc., and liquid phase products such as attractive for the existing refineries which can combine the hydrotreating of the triglycerides with the straight C5–C30 hydrocarbons with high yields to C15–C18 green diesel [55]. hydrodesulfurization of the gas oil in the same reactor and over the same sulfided catalysts such as Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3. The co-processing typically takes place at 350–450 ◦C and 50–100 Table 4. List of the main green diesel producers currently in operation. Data from [62]. bar by mixing 5–20% vegetable oils with 80–95% gas oil and leads to gas phase products such as C1–C4 saturated hydrocarbons, green propane, CO, CO2 etc., and liquid phase products such as straight Company Location Feedstocks Capacity Technology NExBTL NExBTL C –C hydrocarbons with high yields to C –C green diesel [55]. 5 3N0 ame 15 18 Neste Neste Diamond Green The Netherlands Vegetable oil and waste animal fat 1,000,000 tn/year UOP/Eni High and low free fatty acid Dynamic Fuels NExBTLLLC Energy Group USA used cooking oils fVeegdestatobclekosil and waste animal fat 250,000 tn/year Table 4. List of the main green diesel producers currently in operation. Data from [62]. Singapore Vegetable oil and waste animal fat 1,000,000 tn/year Company Name USA Feedstocks Diesel Neste animal fats Neste Singapore Vegetable oils, animal fats and 1,000,000 tn/year NExBTL UOP/Eni Italy Vegetable oil and waste animal fat 780,000 tn/year EcofiningTM Diamond Green NeDstiesel Non-edible vegetable oils and Vaneigmeatlafbaltes oil and waste animal fat 380,000 tn/year NExBTL Vegetable oils, animal fats and Renewable Italy TM 780,000 tn/year Ecofining Location The Netherlands Non-edible vegetable oils and C9a0p0a,0c0it0ytn/year TechnEolcogfyiningTM 1,000,000 tn/year NExBTL USA 900,000 tn/year EcofiningTM Finland Vegetable oil and waste animal fat used cooking oils Finland USA USA USA Finland Finland NOTES: Also, there are a number of companies co-processing vegetable oils with petroleum distillates such as Neste 380,000 tn/year 250,000 tn/year (REG) Inc. High and low free fatty acid Nfeeodns-teodckibsle natural oils and Dynamic Fuels LLC Renewable Energy Group (REG) Inc. AltAir Fuels Non-edible natural oils and 130,000 tn/year EcofiningTM AltAir Fuels UPM Biofuels agricultural waste 130,000 tn/year EcofiningTM 100,000 tn/year UPM BioVerno UPM Biofuels Crude tall oil agricultural waste Crude tall oil 100,000 tn/year UPM BioVerno NOTES: Also, there are a number of companies co-processing vegetable oils with petroleum distillates such as Petrobras (Brazil), Cepsa (with several refineries in Spain), Preem (Sweden), Repsol (with several refineries in Petrobras (Brazil), Cepsa (with several refineries in Spain), Preem (Sweden), Repsol (with several refineries in Spain) Spain) and British Petroleum (Australia) and British Petroleum (Australia). (a) (b) Figure 3. Schematic representation of a standalone biomass hydroprocessing plant (a) and a Figure 3. Schematic representation of a standalone biomass hydroprocessing plant (a) and a co-pcoro-pserossiensgsinhgydhryodpropcerossciensgsipnlganptlafnort fboirombiaosms asnsdapnedtrpoelteruomleudmistdililsatiellsa(tbes).(b). CaCtaalytatilcytriecsreeasrecahrcohnothnetheydhryodtroeatrtemaetmnteonfttohfethtreigtrlyigcleyrcidereisdhesashmasomstolystfloycfuosceudseodnothnethsuelsfiudlfeided catcaalytasltyssNtsi–NMi–oM/Ao/lAOl2O[36[46–48–08]0,]C,oC–oM–Moo[7[17,715,7,757,7,870,8–08–58]5,]a,nadnPdtPotnovnavriaoruiosussupsuppoprtosr[t7s4[,784,,846,]8.6N].iN–,i–, 23 CoC– oa–ndanMdoM– boa–sebdasceadtaclyastatslyasrtes parefeprrefdertroendotbolenmobeltealms aestatlhseayssthoewy shhigohwahctiigvhitya,cwtivhitlye,thwehyilaelstohey havaelslowhacvoestl.oSwrifcaoest.aSl.r[i8fa7]ehtaavle.e[8x7a]mhinavedetehxeamionneodmtehtealmlicocnaotamlyestatsllNici,cCatoa,lyPsttasnNdiP,dCosu,pPptoarnteddPd on Al2O3 and found that the catalytic activity was of the order Co > Pd > Pt > Ni. They also observedPDF Image | Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies
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