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Energies 2019, 12, 809 13 of 41 Table 5. Catalysis research on hydrotreating of vegetable oils, waste cooking oils, greases and animal fats. LHSV: Liquid Hour Space Velocity. LDH: Layered Double Hydroxide. n.a.: Not available. b.p: Boiling point. Catalyst Ni/Al2 O3 Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/MCM-41 Ni–Mo/OMA Pt/HZSM-5 FCC equilibrium catalyst FCC-ZSM-5 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/zeolite MCM-41 Al–MCM-41 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Pd/Al2 O3 Co–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni/Al2 O3 -SiO2 Pt/Al2 O3 Ru/Al2 O3 Ni/Al2 O3 Ni–Al/LDH Ni–Mg–Al/LDH Mg–Al/LDH Co–Mo/Al2 O3 Co–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/ Al2O3 Ni–W/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 -F Pd/SAPO-31 V2 O5 /α-Al2 O3 V2 O5 /α-Al2 O3 Co3 O4 /α-Al2 O3 KOH/α-Al2 O3 MoO3 /α-Al2 O3 NiO/α-Al2 O3 ZnO/α-Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 Ni–Mo/SiO2 Ni–Mo/Al2 O3 -SiO2 Ni–Mo/H-Y Ni–Mo/H-ZSM-5 Ni–HPW(30%)/nHA Reactor Type Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Batch Continuous Continuous Continuous Batch Continuous 2 Continuous 2 Continuous Continuous Batch Continuous Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Batch Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Oil Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Palm Palm Palm Palm Palm Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Jatropha Jatropha Jatropha Jatropha Jatropha Jatropha H2/Oil T (◦C) Ratio 50 260–280 50 260–280 50 260–280 250 340 n.a. 350 100 310 100 310 100 310 n.a. 380 n.a. 525 n.a. 525 n.a. 350 250 350 n.a. 300–320 n.a. 450 n.a. 450 n.a. 400 n.a. 400 n.a. 400 n.a. 400 n.a. 400 n.a. 400 n.a. 350 n.a. 350 n.a. 350 n.a. 350 450 340–350 500–600 380 450 340–350 500 350 450 340–350 500 350–370 1000 310–350 n.a. 355 n.a. 390 n.a. 390 n.a. 390 n.a. 390 n.a. 390 n.a. 390 800 350 800 350 800 350 800 350 800 350 600 360 P (bar) 35 35 35 40 80 70 70 70 110 1 1 40 45 1 1 1 92 92 92 92 92 92 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 50–80 40–60 50–80 45 50–80 20–40 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 40 40 40 40 30 LHSV Duration Conversion (h−1) (h) % 0.25–4 n.a. 98 0.25–4 n.a. 100 0.25–4 n.a. 100 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 n.a. 1.5 n.a. 100 1.5 n.a. 100 1.5 n.a. 100 n.a. 3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.5 n.a. n.a. 2.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 92.9 n.a. 2 91.9 n.a. 2 78.9 n.a. 2 60.8 n.a. 2 50.8 n.a. 2 39.7 n.a. 4 68 n.a. 4 74 n.a. 4 49 n.a. 4 72 1 n.a. 94.0–99.8 1 n.a. 100 1 n.a. 81.8–97.4 0.8 n.a. n.a. 1 n.a. 86.7–95.6 1 n.a. 91–96 0.9–1.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.66 92.1 n.a. 0.5 85 n.a. 0.5 68 n.a. 0.5 65 n.a. 0.5 56 n.a. 0.5 66 n.a. 0.5 84 7.6 n.a. 100 7.6 n.a. 100 7.6 n.a. 100 7.6 n.a. 100 7.6 n.a. 100 2 n.a. 100 Selectivity among Oil Product (wt%) 59 (C17) 82 (C18) 94 (C17 and C18) 91.64 (C15–C18) 70 (C15–C18) >90 (C17 and C18) >90 (C17 and C18) >90 (C17 and C18) 43 (C5–C12) 15.7 (C12–C20) 13.2 (C12–C20) 80 (C15–C18) 92.69 (C15–C18) 47.24 (C15–C19) 26 (Diesel) 11.2–20.3 (Diesel) 64.45 (C15–C18) 79.22 (C15–C18) 33.67 (C15–C18) 39.24 (C15–C18) 37.71 (C15–C18) 32.00 (C15–C18) 51.20 (≥C18) 52.90 (C8–C17) 54.1 (≥C18) 47.80 (C8–C17) 63.1–71.5 83.1–89.2 42.0–51.9 86.59 (C15–C18) 39.4–49.3 73.2–75.6 83.4–100 48 (Heavy Diesel) 68 (b.p > 200 ◦C) 60 (b.p > 200 ◦C) 53 (b.p > 200 ◦C) 59 (b.p > 200 ◦C) 57 (b.p > 200 ◦C) 70 (b.p > 200 ◦C) 97.2 (C11–C20) 99.1 (C11–C20) 89.6 (C11–C20) 50.9 (C11–C20) 22.1 (C11–C20) 83.4 Main Products 1 Ref. C17 (zero C18) 72 C18 (only 2 wt% C17) 72 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.36) 72 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 1.32) 73 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 1.63) 74 C17–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.25) 75 C17–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.5) 75 C17–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.07) 75 Gasoline (C5–C12) 74 Gasoline (C5–C12) 32.4 wt% 107 Gasoline (C5–C12) 32.3 wt% 107 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.58) 76 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.78) 73 C15–C19 and also 52.76% C8–C13 108 Also gasoline 23.9% and kerosene 13 wt% 105 Gasoline 30.1–31.7% and kerosene 10.6–20.7 wt% 104 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 2.49) 102 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 11.9) 102 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 2.16) 102 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 29.3)) 102 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.92) 102 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 39.6) 102 ≥C18 99 C8–C17 99 ≥C18 99 C8–C17 99 91 cetane number Diesel fuel 77 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.15) 92 92 cetane number Diesel fuel 77 C15–C18 (C17/C18 = 0.86) 73 91 cetane number Diesel fuel 77 C15–C18 of which 37–38% isomers 78 nSH 1 and iSH 1 of which 46.8–90.7% C17 and C18 98 also about 23% gasoline and 4% kerozene 109 >200◦C 110 >200◦C 110 >200◦C 110 >200◦C 110 >200◦C 110 >200◦C 110 79 79 C11–C20 and also 9.8 wt% C5–C10 (iSH/nSH 1 = 0.26) 79 C11–C20 and also 48.9 wt% C5–C10 (iSH/nSH 1 = 0.87) 79 Also 77.8 wt% C5–C10 (iSH/nSH 1 = 1.21) 79 C10–C22 [(C15 + C17)/(C16 + C18)] = 4.4, (iSH/nSH 1 = 1.64) 100 Liquid oil products with boiling point Liquid oil products with boiling point Liquid oil products with boiling point Liquid oil products with boiling point Liquid oil products with boiling point Liquid oil products with boiling point C11–C20 (iSH/nSH 1 = 0.08) C11–C20 (iSH/nSH 1 = 0.03)PDF Image | Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies
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