PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 023
Energies 2019, 12, 809 23 of 41 temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT) and (b) low temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LTFT). HTFT synthesis take place at 300–350 ◦C over Fe catalysts and produces gasoline, oxygenates and linear C3–C6 alkenes. The latter may be transformed into diesel range hydrocarbons through alkene oligomerization, as it was discussed in Section 4, and the resulting green diesel has a maximum yield of 40% and a cetane number equal to about 50. LTFT synthesis, on the other hand, occurs at 200–240 ◦C in either Fe or Co catalysts producing high yields of saturated hydrocarbons and high molecular weight linear waxes. LTFT synthesis provides high quality diesel range hydrocarbons, either directly on the effluent product (about 20 wt% yield) or through the hydrocracking of the heavy waxes (>C23 and boiling point above 350 ◦C) into C15–C18 saturated hydrocarbons (green diesel) or other lighter fuels (jet fuel, naphtha etc.). Hydrocracking combines catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Therefore, hydrocracking catalysts are bifunctional with an acidic support like SiO2-Al2O3 and an appropriate hydrogenating metal such as Pt or sulfided Co–Mo, Ni–Mo or Ni–W [205]. The unsulfided Pt/SiO2-Al2O3 catalysts allow wax hydrocracking with 100% conversion and 75–80% selectivity to the desired products [206–209]. As a result Pt/SiO2-Al2O3 is considered superior to the conventional sulfided metal catalysts. The hydrocracking of LTFT waxes is different to the typical hydrocracking used for the petroleum distillates since it is not exothermal but almost isothermal. Also, it is not conducive to carbon deposition and can take place in milder conditions, typically at 325–375 ◦C and 35–70 bar with a space velocity of 0.5–3 h−1 and a H2/feed ratio of 500–1800 m3/m3. LTFT typically provides 80 wt% green diesel with a cetane number of about 75, 15 wt% green naphtha and 5 wt% light gases (C1 to C4). 7. Green Diesel Properties and Performance in CI Engines 7.1. Green Diesel Properties Petroleum diesel fuel falls under the specifications outlined by the standards EN 590 in Europe [210] and ASTM D975 in the United States [211] which are presented in Table 9, together with EN 14214 [212] which applies in Europe for oxygenated biodiesels comprised of FAME and “EN15940: Automotive fuels-Paraffinic diesel fuel from synthesis or hydrotreatment-Requirements and Test Methods” [213] which specifically applies to non-oxygenated Green Diesel fuels made by hydro-processing or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In the USA and Canada the biodiesel standard is the ASTM D6571. EN 590 defines the properties of the petroleum diesel used in the European automotive market with an upper biodiesel limit of 7% (B7). It does not pay attention on how the diesel fuel was made, as for example the renewable or fossil origin, but only states the regulations that the diesel fuel must meet. Therefore, EN 590 permits the blending of petroleum diesel or B7 with green diesel in any ratio and the only concern is that the final product must meet its regulations. It also specifies that the maximum blending ratio of biodiesel in green diesel is 7%. Table 9 also presents the typical properties of No.2 petroleum diesel (for use in CI engines with a maximum sulfur content of 15 ppm according to ASTM D975), biodiesel and green diesel [29,35,210–215]. As one can observe green diesel produced by either hydro-processing or Fischer-Tropsch meets the specifications of EN15940 but differs significantly to biodiesel (FAME) due to chemical composition and to petroleum diesel due to various properties.PDF Image | Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies
PDF Search Title:
Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production TechnologiesOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-12-00809.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)