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since the available volume inside the cylinder is small the combustion products are formed at high pressure and high temperature. These will push the piston from the TDC to the BTC during the expansion phase of the engine cycle and will produce positive mechanical work which is higher than the negative energy needs during intake, compression and exhaust. The reciprocating movement of the piston is finally converted into rotational shaft work by means of a piston - crank rod - crankshaft Energies 2019, 12, 809 27 of 41 kinematic assembly. Figure 6. Cylinder pressure, pump delivery, injection rate and heat release rate curves in a typical CI Figure 6. Cylinder pressure, pump delivery, injection rate and heat release rate curves in a typical CI internal combustion engine. internal combustion engine. Optimally the autoignition of the diesel fuel must take place 0–8◦ before the TDC [223] so that the completion of the combustion and the maximum pressure to be attained at about 15◦ after the TDC, at the very start of the productive expansion stroke. For this to take place, the timing of the injection must be appropriately controlled at an angle before TDC which depends on the ignition delay for the specific fuel, on the engine design and the operating conditions. For example, given that the time of flame propagation is generally constant an increase of the engine speed will require the advance of the injection timing at a greater angle before TDC. Figure 6 also shows in parallel a typical heat release curve during the combustion process and a typical injection rate of the fuel versus the crankshaft angle. As observed, the autoignition of the fuel and a significant part of the combustion process happen simultaneously with the injection of the liquid fuel. This is true for fuels with high cetane numbers which have short ignition delay and cause the pressure rise and heat release to proceed at about the slow rate of fuel injection and air-fuel mixing. For fuels with low cetane number with long ignition delay, most of the fuel is injected before the autoignition and this means that after the beginning of the combustion the burning rates are very high leading to high rates of pressure rise and high maximum pressures [222]. After autoignition the combustion process generally proceeds in three phases. Initially, combustion takes place between the air and the fuel that has reached the gas state and formed a homogeneous mixture with air during the ignition delay period. This phase of combustion is knows as premixed or rapid combustion phase and takes place within just a small crankshaft angle interval with a high heat release rate. After the consumption of the premixed air-fuel mixture, the combustion and the heat release rates slow down as they are now controlled by the mixing rate of the fuelPDF Image | Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies
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