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Processes 2020, 8, 548 2 of 22 Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 1. Introduction 1. Introduction ThesignificantconcernwithregardtotheenvironmentalimpactofanthropogenicCO emission The significant concern with regard to the environmental impact of anthropogenic CO2 emission into the atmosphere has directly contributed to global warming, thus demanding the need for mitigating into the atmosphere has directly contributed to global warming, thus demanding the need for CO emission[1].AvoidanceofCO emissionthroughimprovedenergyandmaterialefficiencyand mit2igating CO2 emission [1]. Avoid2ance of CO2 emission through improved energy and material the use of renewable energy and material would be the most desirable carbon management strategy. efficiency and the use of renewable energy and material would be the most desirable carbon Afterthis,utilizationofCO byextendingmaterialuse,referredtoas“carboncaptureandutilization management strategy. Afte2r this, utilization of CO2 by extending material use, referred to as “carbon (CCU)”, for making repeated use of emitted CO , would be beneficial, followed by carbon capture capture and utilization (CCU)”, for making re2peated use of emitted CO2, would be beneficial, and storage (CCS) for long-term geological sequestration of inevitable residual CO [2]. CCU is followed by carbon capture and storage (CCS) for long-term geological sequestration2 of inevitable emphasized as an adjunct, not alternative, to CCS [3]. There are many diverse approaches for CO residual CO2 [2]. CCU is emphasized as an adjunct, not alternative, to CCS [3]. There are many diverse2 utilization; however, they generally can be divided into two main approaches: (1) direct use, and approaches for CO2 utilization; however, they generally can be divided into two main approaches: (2) transformation via chemical and biological processes, as depicted in Figure 1. (1) direct use, and (2) transformation via chemical and biological processes, as depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1. The approaches to utilize carbon dioxide. CO directuseshavebeenfoundinoilandgasindustries,aswellasinfoodandbeveragessuch CO2 direct uses have been found in oil and gas industries, as well as in food and beverages such ascarbonateddrinks.Presently,themajorCO utilizationisbasedonadirectuseofCO intheoiland as carbonated drinks. Presently, the major C2O2 utilization is based on a direct use of2CO2 in the oil gas industries, which mainly relies on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or other related technologies, such and gas industries, which mainly relies on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or other related technologies, as enhanced coal-bed methane recovery (ECBM) and enhanced shale gas recovery (ESGR). It is worth such as enhanced coal-bed methane recovery (ECBM) and enhanced shale gas recovery (ESGR). It is nothing that, considering the carbon life cycle, these enhanced production of fossil fuel technologies worth nothing that, considering the carbon life cycle, these enhanced production of fossil fuel stillproduceasurplusofCO emissions.ReadersarereferredtoacurrentreviewperformedbyZhang technologies still produce a2 surplus of CO2 emissions. Readers are referred to a current review et al. [3] for more insightful information. For the second approach, transformation via chemical and performed by Zhang et al. [3] for more insightful information. For the second approach, biological process includes mineralization, fuel and chemical production, and biological utilization. transformation via chemical and biological process includes mineralization, fuel and chemical AlthoughtheseCO transformationscannotmitigatetheenormousCO emissions,convertingCO to production, and b2iological utilization. Although these CO2 transfor2mations cannot mitigate 2the chemicals has emerged and has drawn much research attention because it offers extending material enormous CO2 emissions, converting CO2 to chemicals has emerged and has drawn much research use with higher value. CO has been foreseen as a carbon building block for organic syntheses, attention because it offers e2xtending material use with higher value. CO2 has been foreseen as a as CO is renewable, non-toxic, and economical [4]. However, the thermodynamically stable and carbon2 building block for organic syntheses, as CO2 is renewable, non-toxic, and economical [4]. kineticinertnessofCO hashinderedCO activationandfixation[5].Theenhancementofefficient However, the thermod2ynamically stable a2nd kinetic inertness of CO2 has hindered CO2 activation chemicalprocessesforthechemicalfixationofCO intohighvalue-addedorganicchemicalsshouldbe and fixation [5]. The enhancement of efficient chem2 ical processes for the chemical fixation of CO2 into vigorouslydeveloped.SeveralproficientrouteshavebeenestablishedforchemicalCO fixation[6]. high value-added organic chemicals should be vigorously developed. Several proficient2 routes have However, in general, only several processes have been commercialized because of limitation in terms been established for chemical CO2 fixation [6]. However, in general, only several processes have been ofprecursorandefficiencyofthereactionsduetotherequirementofreactiveagentsforCO activation commercialized because of limitation in terms of precursor and efficiency of the reactions2 due to the (Figure 2) [7–9]. requirement of reactive agents for CO2 activation (Figure 2) [7–9]. The Kolbe–Schmitt reaction (Figure 2; red box number 1) is one of the most essential and renowned carboxylation reactions, offering an economical pathway to produce salicylic acids by carboxylation of phenoxides with CO2 [10]. Salicylic acids are crucial chemicals in pharmaceuticalsPDF Image | Green Pathway Utilizing CO2 Cycloaddition Reaction Epoxide
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