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Processes 2020, 8, 548 7 of 22 Epoxide Catalyst Class/Type Cocatalyst SO Bi-aluminium scorpionate R = (S)-CH(PhMe; X = Et 75.0 b 77 97.3 b 100 75.0 b 77 90.2 b 92 50.4 b 52 97.3 b 100 75.0 b 77 97.3 b 100 97.3 b 100 66.3 67 38.6 39 R = Ph; X = Me Trimetallic non-salen complexes Table 1. Cont. TBAB RT 1 24 TBAB RT 10 24 TBAB RT 10 24 TBAB RT 10 24 TBAB RT 1 24 TBAB RT 10 24 TBAB RT 1 24 TBAB RT 10 24 TBAB RT 1 24 TBAB RT 10 24 TBAB RT 1 24 TBAB 80 20.68 24 TBAI 80 20.68 24 TBAB 80 20.68 24 TBAI 80 20.68 24 TBAB 80 20.68 24 Ref. 100 [25] 58.6 b 60 97.3 b SO CHO Trinuclear aluminium scorpionate R = Bu; X = Et R = (S)-CH(Ph)Me; X = Me R = (S)-CH(Ph)Me; X = Et R = Ph; X = Me [25] Trimetallic-Co Trimetallic-Zn Trimetallic-Ni 90.0 87.1 88 42.6 43 91 [26] Abbreviations: ChCl, choline chloride; Conv, conversion; ND, not determine; RT, room temperature; TBAB, tetrabutylammonium bromide; TBACl, tetrabutylammonium chloride; TBAI, tetrabutylammonium iodide. a Calculated from reported conversion with a selectivity higher than 99%, b Calculated from turnover frequency (TOF). Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 22 3.1.1. Organocatalysts 3.1.1. Organocatalysts (b) (a) Figure 6. Organometallic salen-based catalysts: (a) homogeneous monometallic salen complexes; (b) Figure 6. Organometallic salen-based catalysts: (a) homogeneous monometallic salen complexes; h(obm) hoogmenoegoeunseobuimsebtiamlleictasllailcesnalceonmcpolmexp;le(cx); (hce)theerotegreongeonuesoubsimbiemtaeltlaiclliscasleanlencocmomplpexlexsuspupoprotretdedbbyy vvaariroiouussssuupppoortrsts.. The characteristics of organocatalysts are readily available, non-toxic, affordable, and inert towards The characteristics of organocatalysts are readily available, non-toxic, affordable, and inert air. Thus, organocatalysts are easy to handle and have recently attracted considerable attention and towards air. Thus, organocatalysts are easy to handle and have recently attracted considerable interest in this field as an alternative to the metal-based catalyst. Several types of organocatalysts attention and interest in this field as an alternative to the metal-based catalyst. Several types of including, but not limited to, organic salts and ionic liquids, amines, organic bases, and deep eutectic organocatalysts including, but not limited to, organic salts and ionic liquids, amines, organic bases, solvents are of major interest among researchers. and deep eutectic solvents are of major interest among researchers. Quarternary ammonium halides, one of the organic salts, were among the first active catalysts for the cyclic carbonates synthesis [27,28]. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) effectively catalyzed ethylene oxide cycloaddition to ethylene carbonate with 97% yield, but at a harsh condition of 200 °C and initial CO2 pressure of 34 bar [27]. Other organic salts such as phosphonium salt and imidazolium salt have been later introduced as effective organocatalysts. Ionic liquid as a catalyst such as imidazolium salt-based ionic liquids (ILs), namely, 1-n-butyl-3- T (°C) P Time Yield (bar) (h) (%) (c) Conv. (%) Bimetallic non-salen complexesPDF Image | Green Pathway Utilizing CO2 Cycloaddition Reaction Epoxide
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