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Introduction Climate change is challenging almost all human endeavours, including the future ways in which energy will be generated and consumed. It could adversely affect water supplies and agricultural productivity, and the need to cut CO2 emissions to avoid harmful environmental degradation has made the transition from conventional fossil fuels to alternative and renewable resources a global priority. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2010)1 has noted that “doubling of wealth leads to 80% higher CO2 emissions”. Therefore there is a need to break the link between growth and increasing emissions at the expense of sustainability. Meeting market demands whilst at the same time reducing the impact on the climate is of critical importance to industry. Although past discussions have centred around the causes of climate change, society, industry, governments and other stakeholders are now searching for solutions to mitigate the impacts on health and the environment. In most countries, industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have substantially decreased over recent years. Both regulators and industry have responded to the need to work towards a sustainable future and have focused on developing and innovating technological improvements for the benefit of the environment. However, in spite of these endeavours, current practices and technologies will most likely be insufficient or inadequate to achieve the ambitious objectives set by countries to tackle climate change. Industries should take bold steps towards establishing more sustainable growth and should be given the opportunity to implement new technologies including the use of biotechnology to reduce the carbon footprint. With the Kyoto Protocol due to expire in 2012, parties to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) are currently in the process of negotiating a new treaty. It is critical that current and emerging uses of biotechnology are recognised by stakeholders as being part of the toolkit necessary to achieve sustainable solutions to climate change. Furthermore, it is also of vital importance that a new worldwide climate change agreement both supports and enables the implementation of eco-friendly innovations. The over-arching goal of this paper is to explore how industrial biotechnology can be used as part of the toolkit in the struggle to control climate change. For this to happen, the products of industrial biotechnology (biofuels, biobased chemicals and bioplastics) have to be demonstrated to produce less GHG emissions than their non-biological counterparts, whilst maintaining product performance. 6 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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