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The role of industrial biotechnology in the biobased economy Industrial biotechnology, also known as white biotechnology, uses enzymes and micro-organisms to make biobased products in sectors as diverse as chemicals, food and feed, healthcare, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and energy. Agricultural products, biomass and organic waste, including food processing waste and effluents (also referred to as renewable raw materials) are transformed into other substances, in the same way as crude oil is used as a feedstock in the production of chemicals. Existing energy infrastructure and production processes are largely based on fossil fuels, which result in high levels of GHG emissions. In a biobased economy society is no longer wholly dependent on fossil fuels and industrial raw materials. By contrast, industrial biotechnology holds promise by avoiding the use of limited fossil resources as starting materials, but in some instances it competes with edible feedstocks. This important issue, specially raised in the case of biofuels, can be solved by the introduction of second generation biofuels using non-edible biomass as a sole feedstock. Besides biofuels, the wide variety of intermediate products that may enter at different stages in different value chains introduces complexity when analysing biotechnological products. The OECD predicts the following industrial biotechnology applications have a high probability of reaching the market by 2030:5 • Improved enzymes for a growing range of applications in the chemical sector. • Improved micro-organisms that can produce an increasing number of chemical products in one step, some of which build on genes identified through bioprospecting. • Biosensors for real-time monitoring of environmental pollutants and biometrics for identifying people. • High energy-density biofuels produced from sugar cane and cellulosic sources of biomass. • Greater market share for biomaterials such as bioplastics, especially in niche areas where they provide some advantage. 8 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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