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of other factors. Starting from industrial standards, the development and communication of (independent or third party) certification and labelling programmes (e.g. eco-labels, environmental product declarations) are a pre- condition for communication of verifiable claims. If such tools are not well developed or improperly used, they can lead to mistrust in the public and damage the reputation of the industry. At the beginning of 2011, The US Department of Agriculture19 launched a specific label for biobased products which is intended to better inform consumers purchasing biobased products. Products made of “wholly or significantly biological ingredients — renewable plant, animal, marine or forestry materials” are eligible for a USDA-certified biobased label. Products need only be 25% biobased to warrant the label, but the percentage might be increased in the future. Objectives • Dedicated information and communication campaigns should be developed. • An understandable label based on simple, harmonised criteria and standards should be created. Conversion towards low-carbon renewable-based production systems One of the main questions is how we can economically valorise GHG emission savings or avoidance. Producing chemicals through biochemical routes is currently still more expensive compared to traditional production routes. In addition, existing production facilities for chemical syntheses cannot be converted to biotechnological production without massive new investments, and, in many cases, there are clear economic restrictions in biotechnological production processes due to higher operating costs and higher levels of R&D costs and investments. When competing against an existing process based on fossil carbon sources, the alternative bioprocess must also show competitiveness in scenarios with high energy- and feedstock-cost volatility. Investments required for building a new bio-industrial facility, especially if it competes with the conventional one, might present a significant barrier. In addition, it has become even more difficult to obtain financing for investing in building new, full-scale commercial plants and infrastructure as result of the 26 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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