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Malting barley for use in brewing is an energy and water intensive process. The barley has to be soaked in water to allow it to germinate and then has to be heated for drying. Brewers and biotechnologists developed a process removing this entire step with the use of an enzyme. By removing the malting process, the application of this enzyme to brewing is estimated to save 350 000 tons of CO2 for every 10% of global beer production that is converted to un-malted barley—a CO2 savings equivalent to the emissions of 85 000 cars.42 Tanning and leather Enzymes have been used in the tanning industry for centuries because they are efficient in degrading protein and fat. In early times, the enzymes were derived from animal excrement and later on from the pancreas of cattle. Today, the enzymes are almost entirely produced by microbial fermentation. Soaking enzymes reduces the required soaking time, leading to electricity savings in turning the drum where the hides rest. Enzymes that remove hair during the tanning process reduce the sulfide requirements for the process. The environmental impacts of producing and delivering the enzymes to the tannery on the one hand and the savings in chemicals and electricity on the other have been evaluated via a LCA43 study. This comparison of conventional and enzyme- assisted bovine soaking and de-hairing/liming processes indicates that the application of enzymes in the tanning industry is justified by considerable energy savings and considerable reductions in the contribution of the processes to global warming. Assuming that the environmental improvements by switching from conventional to enzyme-assisted soaking and de-hairing/liming are applicable worldwide, the global saving potential is in the order of 8 million GJ of energy and 0.7 million tonnes of CO2 per year. Dyes Bioprocesses to produce biobased colourants have recently been developed as an alternative to traditional chemical synthesis. While the creation of chemical- based dyes requires temperatures of up to 70-90 °C in harsh conditions, the enzymatic synthesis of these colourants can be obtained at ambient temperature, under mild conditions. LCAs44 have illustrated that on an industrial scale, enzymatic processes could help to reduce CO2 emissions and toxicity towards the environment. 36 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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