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Background The Earth’s atmosphere is comprised of sixteen different gases (Fig. 1), each of which plays an important role in sustaining life on Earth. While Nitrogen is Earth’s most abundant gas and used by every living organism to generate proteins, the two that are the subject of this lesson are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen Oxygen was discovered almost simultaneously by two different scientists, Carl Wilhelm Scheele from Sweden and Joseph Priestley from England, both around 1773. It is the third most abundant element in our galaxy, with only hydrogen and helium having a greater presence. While oxygen makes up just 21% of the Earth’s atmosphere, it accounts for nearly 50% of the Earth’s crust and almost 66% of the human body’s mass! For mammals, oxygen is a vital component of life. It is in the air we breathe and the water we drink. It is necessary for a fire to burn and for rust to form. Without it, we simply wouldn’t exist. Oxygen (O2) At the pressures and temperatures found on the Earth’s surface, oxygen atoms are typically found joined together in pairs with a double bond, making the oxygen we breathe, O2 (Fig. 2). This means there are two oxygen atoms in each molecule. Ozone (O3) Another form of oxygen that is vital to life on Earth is O3, more commonly referred to as ozone. It is comprised of three oxygen atoms joined together with single bonds (Fig 3). The vast majority of ozone gas is found anywhere from 10 to 20 kilometers (12 to 19 miles) above the Earth’s surface and is commonly referred to as the ozone layer. Its primary role is to absorb the ultraviolet light being produced by the Sun and to prevent that ultraviolet light, or UV light, from reaching the Earth’s surface. Without ozone, many more harmful UV-B rays (the ones that cause sunburn and skin cancer) would reach the Earth’s surface with serious detrimental effects to all living organisms. Gas Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Argon (Ar) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Neon (Ne) Helium (He) Methane (CH4) Krypton (Kr) Hydrogen (H2) Nitrous Oxide (N20) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Xenon (Xe) Ozone (O3) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Iodine (I2) Ammonia (NH3) Percentage 78.084% 20.946% 0.9340% 0.039% 0.001818% 0.000524 0.000179% 0.000114% 0.00055% 0.00003% 0.00001% 0.000009% 0.000007% 0.000002% 0.000001% trace Fig. 1 Gaseous composition of the Earth’s atmosphere (dry) Fig. 2 An O2 molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms Fig. 3 An O3 (ozone) molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms airspace 3 MUSEUM IN A BOXPDF Image | Making Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide NASA
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