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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Perspective Table 3. FLASC Sustainability Metrics Impact Categories Sustainability Metrics Category Net mass of materials used Energy consumed Green house gas equivalents Oil and natural gas depletion for materials manufacturea Acidification potential (AP) Eutrophication potential (EuP) Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) Total organic carbon (TOC) load before waste treatment Measurement Unit kg MJ kg CO2 equivalents kg kg SO2 equivalents kg PO34− equivalents kg ethylene equivalents aThis concerns only the oil and natural gas resources used as feedstocks for materials manufacture and excludes those used for energy generation. land use, and water, mineral, and fossil fuel depletion.61 The interpretation phase should provide a readily understandable, complete, and consistent presentation of the results in accordance with the goal and scope of the study. It may well involve an iterative process of reviewing and revising the scope of the LCA and the nature and quality of the collected data in a way which is consistent with the defined goal. Graedel62 noted, in 1999, that “adding a life-cycle perspective to green chemistry enlarges its scope and enhances its environmental benefits”. However, conducting a full scale cradle-to-grave LCA in the design or development phase of a process is generally too difficult and time consuming. Depending on the goal, an LCA of a chemical process (rather than a product) could be limited to the manufacturing domain (gate-to-gate). Subsequently, integration of mass-based green chemistry metrics with quantitative assessment of environmental impact using LCA was described by several authors.63−67 Domenich and co-workers, for example, compared two routes to maleic anhydride, by aerobic oxidation of benzene and 1-butene, respectively, using LCA with six impact categories: global warmingpotential(GWP;otherwiseknownasthecarbon footprint,kgCO2equivalents),acidificationpotential(AP), eutrophication potential (EuP), ozone formation potential (OFP), energy consumption (EC), and solid waste production (SWP).62 The results showed that the route from 1-butene was greener on all counts. The authors noted that they had not taken human- and eco-toxicity into account because there was no international consensus for the assignment of character- ization factors to these environmental impacts. GREENSCOPE (Gauging Reaction Effectiveness for the Environmental Sustainability of Chemistries with a multi- Objective Process Evaluator) was introduced by the EPA for evaluating and designing more sustainable processes. The metrics/indicators used to compare processes to a target compound are divided into four categories: environment, energy, efficiency, and economics.68,69 The energy intensity (kJ), atom economy, and yield (%) are used to assess the process efficiency. Net present value and payback period are used as economic indicators and toxic release (kg/kg), aquatic toxicity, and photochemical ozone potential as environmental indicators. Some companies developed their own LCA methodologies, simplified and modified according to their own goals. Pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have shown consid- erable interest in using LCA-based methodologies to assess the greenness of their processes for API manufacture.70 However, the application of LCA to the synthesis of fine chemicals and APIs is particularly challenging owing to the paucity of life cycle inventory data for many of the chemicals involved71,72 and the H absence of a coherent framework for characterizing their toxicological impacts.73 One approach to bridging this data gap is to use structure-based models, such as the Finechem tool developed by Wernet.74−76 The latter is based on artificial neural networks and can estimate key inventory parameters and environmental impacts, such as cumulative energy demand and global warming potential based solely on molecular structures. Furthermore, LCA metrics are generally focused on emissions and need to be supplemented with Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE)77 metrics to encompass potential risks posed by inherently hazardous chemicals. The EATOS methodology (see above) used R-phrases as the basis for assessing the toxicity and hazardous nature of the materials input. In the meantime R-phrases have been changed to Hazard (H) statements for use on material safety data sheets (MSDS).78 The lacuna in data pertaining to hazardous substances led Eckelman79 to propose the adoption of life cycle inherent toxicity as a new metric that, instead of just considering emissions, assigns degrees of inherent hazard to intermediate chemical flows. Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK) has been particularly active in usingLCA-basedmethodologies.Alreadyin2004Jimeńez- Gonzaĺezandco-workersatGSKreported80amodular,cradle- to-gate LCA methodology for the evaluation of API manufacturing processes. The authors noted that it “proved to be a difficult, if not impossible, task since very little data were available for materials routinely used in the synthesis of chemically and biologically complex pharmaceuticals”. More- over, there was no transparency with regard to how LCI data were derived. However, this early study provided the key insight that solvent use is a major contributor to the cradle-to- gate life cycle impacts of APIs, accounting for 75% of the energy use, 80% of total mass of materials, excluding water, 75% of photochemical ozone creation potential, and 50% of greenhouse gas emissions. This led GSK to incorporate LCA considerations into their solvent assessment and selection guides.81 Because of the problems encountered in obtaining and interpreting life cycle impact data, companies turned to using streamlined versions of LCA.82 For example, GSK developed FLASC (Fast Life Cycle Assessment of Synthetic Chemistry), a web-based tool83 to quickly screen synthetic routes to APIs at an early stage in research and development. FLASC is a cradle- to-gate methodology involving collation of LCI data associated with the manufacture of the materials used in a particular synthesis. It should be noted, therefore, that to enable complete environmental profiling of competing synthesis routes, the FLASC results need to be combined with gate-to-gate LCA impacts corresponding with the conversion of these materials to the API in question. The FLASC assessment is based on DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03505 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 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