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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Perspective materials such that the only sources of man’s provisions will be his ■own waste products.” (10) Anastas, P. T.. Benign by Design Chemistry. In Benign by Design: Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention, Anastas, P. T.; Farris, C. A., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 577; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993; pp 2−22. (11) Anastas, P. T.; Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998. (12) Sheldon, R. A. Catalysis and pollution prevention. Chem. Ind. (London) 1997, 1, 12−15. (13) Sheldon, R. A. Catalysis: the key to waste minimization. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 381−388. (14) Sheldon, R. A.; Arends, I. W. C. E.; Hanefeld, U. Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2007. (15) Koenig, S. G., Ed.; Scalable Green Chemistry: Case Studies from the Pharmaceutical Industry; CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, 2013. (16) Lapkin, A.; Constable, D. J. C., Eds.; Green Chemistry Metrics: Measuring and Monitoring Sustainable Processes; Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, 2008. (17) Andraos, J. The Algebra of Organic Synthesis: Green Metrics, Design Strategy, Route Selection and Optimization; CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group: Boca Raton. FL, 2012. (18) Dicks, A. P.; Hent, A. Green Chemistry Metrics. A Guide to Determining and Evaluating Process Greenness; Springer: Heidelberg, 2015. (19) Albini, A.; Protti, S. Paradigms in Green Chemistry and Technology; Springer: Heidelberg, 2016. (20) Andraos, J. Unification of reaction metrics for green chemistry: applications to reaction analysis. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2005, 9, 149− 163. (21) Alfonsi, K.; Colberg, J.; Dunn, P. J.; Fevig, T.; Jennings, S.; Johnson, T. A.; Kleine, H. P.; Knight, C.; Nagy, M. A.; Perry, D. A.; Stefaniak, M. Green chemistry tools to influence a medicinal chemistry and research chemistry based organisation. Green Chem. 2008, 10, 31− 36. (22) Ma, S. K.; Gruber, J.; Davis, C.; Newman, L.; Gray, D.; Wang, A.; Grate, J.; Huisman, G. W.; Sheldon, R. A. A green-by-design biocatalytic process for atorvastatin intermediate. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 81−86. (23) Roschangar, F.; Sheldon, R. A.; Senanayake, C. H. Overcoming barriers to green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry − the Green Aspiration Level concept. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 752−768. (24) Wender, P. A.; Croatt, M. P.; Witulski, B. New reactions and step economy. Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 7505−7511. (25) Gaich, T.; Baran, P. S. Aiming for the ideal synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4657−4673. (26) Bruggink, A.; Schoevaart, R.; Kieboom, T. Concepts of Nature in Organic Synthesis: Cascade Catalysis and Multistep Conversions in Concert. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2003, 7, 622−640. (27) Hill, J. W.; McCreary, T. W. Chemistry for Changing Times, 14th ed.; Pearson, 2015; Chapter 8. (28) Hudson, R.; Leaman, D.; Kawamura, K. E.; Esdale, K. N.; Glaisher, S.; Bishop, A.; Katz, J. L. Exploring Green Chemistry Metrics with Interlocking Building Block Molecular Models. J. Chem. Educ. 2016, 93, 691−694. (29) E-Factor. Beyond Benign. http://www.beyondbenign.org/ lessons/e-factor/ (accessed November 2017). (30) Wat is de E-factor? Aljevragen.nl. http://www.aljevragen.nl/sk/ groenechemie/GRO068.html (accessed November 2017). (31) Curzons, A. D.; Constable, D. J. C.; Mortimer, D. N.; Cunningham, V. L. So you think your process is green, how do you know?- using principles of sustainability to determine what is green - a corporate perspective. Green Chem. 2001, 3, 1−6. (32) Constable, D. J. C.; Curzons, A. D.; Cunningham, V. L. Metrics to green chemistry − which are the best? Green Chem. 2002, 4, 521− 527. (33) Hudlicky, T.; Frey, D. A.; Koroniak, L.; Claeboe, C. D.; Brammer, L. E., Jr. Toward a reagent-free synthesis. Green Chem. 1999, 1, 57−59. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03505 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: roger.sheldon@wits.ac.za. ORCID Roger A. Sheldon: 0000-0001-6867-2119 Notes The author declares no competing financial interest. Biography Roger Sheldon (www.sheldon.nl) is a recognized authority on Green Chemistry and widely known for developing the E factor concept for assessing the environmental impact of chemical processes. He is currently Distinguished Professor of Biocatalysis Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand (SA). He authored several books on catalysis, more than 460 papers, and 55 granted patents. He was Co- Chair of the 1999 Gordon Research Conference on Green Chemistry. Among other awards, he was a co-recipient of a Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in 2006 and received the RSC 2010 Green Chemistry Award and the Biocat2010 lifetime achievement award for his important and lasting contributions to biocatalysis. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2015. He has a Ph.D. (organic chemistry) from Leicester University (UK) and was Professor at Delft University (NL) (1991-2007), CEO of CLEA Technologies (2006−2015), VP R&D at DSM-Andeno (1980−1990), and with Shell Research Amsterdam (1969−1980). ■ REFERENCES (1) Sheldon, R. A. Atom utilization, E factors and the catalytic solution. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Serie IIc. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. IIc: Chim. 2000, 3, 541−551. (2) For a historical account see: Kastens, M. L.; Kaplan, J. F. TNT into phloroglucinol. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1950, 42, 402−413. (3) Sheldon, R. A. Organic Synthesis: Past, Present and Future. Chem. Ind. (London) 1992, 903−906. (4) Sheldon, R. A. Fundamentals of Green Chemistry: Efficiency in Reaction Design. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1437−1451. (5) Trost, B. M. A Pursuit for Selectivity in Organic Synthesis. Chem. Br. 1984, 20, 315. (6) Trost, B. M. The atom economy: a search for synthetic efficiency. Science 1991, 254, 1471−1477. (7) Summary of the Pollution Prevention Act. U.S EPA.http://www. epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-pollution-prevention-act (accessed November 2017). (8) Amato, I. The Slow Birth of Green Chemistry,. Science 1993, 259, 1538−1541. (9) Drasar, P. Green chemistry- dream or reality (minimum impact chemistry). Chem. Listy 1991, 85, 1144−1149. NPDF Image | Metrics of Green Chemistry and Sustainability
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