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Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 5 of 17 Precipitation processes are among the oldest of techniques for the synthesis of nanomaterials Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 5 of 17 that consist of the condensation of a solid oxide network (the precipitate) starting from soluble Precipitation processes are among the oldest of techniques for the synthesis of nanomaterials species. The condensation of the species is initiated by a redox reaction or by a change of pH. that consist of the condensation of a solid oxide network (the precipitate) starting from soluble The preparation of nanocrystalline powders can be realized by co-precipitation using inorganic media species. The condensation of the species is initiated by a redox reaction or by a change of pH. The for polymerization in aqueous solution. This method was successful to synthesize LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 preparation of nanocrystalline powders can be realized by co-precipitation using inorganic media for layered oxides [16]. During the synthesis of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, the lithium/transition-metal polymerization in aqueous solution. This method was successful to synthesize LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 ratio and calcination temperature were adjusted to minimize the cation mixing and optimize its layered oxides [16]. During the synthesis of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, the lithium/transition-metal ratio and electrochemical performance. Succinic acid is used for the formation of a chelation complex to prevent calcination temperature were adjusted to minimize the cation mixing and optimize its theseglercetgroactihoenmoicraplrpeecrifpoirtmataionnceo.fSmucectianlicioancsid.Tisheusaecdetafoterltihgeanfodr,msautciociniocfaacidch,ehlatsionxycgomenpaletxomtosand hydropgrevnenatothmesstehgaretgcatnionpaortipcriepcaipteitaintiohnyodfrmogeetanl bioonnsd. Tinhge.aAcestaaterelisgualntd, ,msuetcaclinaiceatcaitde,sharseotxryagpepned in atoms and hydrogen atoms that can participate in hydrogen bonding. As a result, metal acetates are a glassy state by an extended network of hydrogen bonds. At the same time, succinic acid complexes to trapped in a glassy state by an extended network of hydrogen bonds. At the same time, succinic acid the metal acetates and replaces the water of hydration in the complex to give acid–acetate species [17]. complexes to the metal acetates and replaces the water of hydration in the complex to give acid–acetate Succinic acid also acts as fuel and provides local heat for the formation of the compound during species [17]. Succinic acid also acts as fuel and provides local heat for the formation of the compound the decomposition process owing to its self-igniting property, thus accelerating the decomposition during the decomposition process owing to its self-igniting property, thus accelerating the of acetate ions. The sketch of the synthesis of by succinic-assisted co-precipitation is shown by the decomposition of acetate ions. The sketch of the synthesis of by succinic-assisted co-precipitation is thermogravimetry curve (Figure 5), in which we observed the decomposition of the organic moieties shown by the thermogravimetry curve (Figure 5), in which we observed the decomposition of the and the beginning of the powder crystallization at temperature as low as 376 ◦C. organic moieties and the beginning of the powder crystallization at temperature as low as 376 °C. Figure 5. Thermogravimetric analysis profile for the precursor of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 synthesized with Figure 5. Thermogravimetric analysis profile for the precursor of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 synthesized acid to metal ion molar ratio of R = 0.5 showing the ignition at 376 °C. ◦ with acid to metal ion molar ratio of R = 0.5 showing the ignition at 376 C. For more than 100 years, hydrothermal synthesis was clearly identified as an important Fteocrhmnolroegythfaonrp1r0e0pyareatriso,nhoyfdnraontohmeremtear-lssiyzendthpeasritsicwleassthcaletacralnybideeqnuteinficehdedastoanfoirmpaonrtaannotptaercthicnleology forprpeopwadraert,ionrocrfonssa-nlinokmedetetor-psirzoedducpeanrtaincolecsrytshtaltlincaenstbruecqturensc[h18e]d.Atomfonrgmthaenvanriopuasrstyicnltehepsoiswder, approaches pursued in the fabrication of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, the hydrothermal or cross-linked to produce nanocrystalline structures [18]. Among the various synthesis approaches route is particularly successful to control the chemical composition, crystallite size, and particle pursued in the fabrication of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, the hydrothermal route is shape [9]. With respect to the previous techniques, the hydrothermal process has the advantage that particularly successful to control the chemical composition, crystallite size, and particle shape [9]. the synthesis temperature can be as small as 230 °C and a duration of reaction of 5–12 h. The use of With respect to the previous techniques, the hydrothermal process has the advantage that the synthesis hydrothermal route will be emphasized for the optimization of lithium iron phosphate. temperature can be as small as 230 ◦C and a duration of reaction of 5–12 h. The use of hydrothermal The template method consists of a thermal decomposition of the sol–gel precursor within the route will be emphasized for the optimization of lithium iron phosphate. pores of a membrane. The template is dipped into the sol for 10 min and taken out for heating at T > The template method consists of a thermal decomposition of the sol–gel precursor within the pores 400 °C, resulting in the formation of the nanomaterial within the template pores. This technique has of a mtheemabdrvaanet.agTehoeftmemonpiltaotreinigs dthieppeodreisnitzoe t[h19e],sosol ftohrat1t0hme minoarpnhdotloagkyencaonubt efoardhapeatetdintgo aotpTtim>iz4e00 ◦ C, resultihnegeilenctrhoechfeomrmicaltipornopoefrtihese. nHaonwoemveart,erthiael pwreitphairnattiohne otefmnapnlaot-setrpuoctruerse.dTmhiastetreiaclhsnfirqoume thaes the template synthesis techniques uses polycarbonate filtration membranes followed by removal of advantage of monitoring the pore size [19], so that the morphology can be adapted to optimize the substrates. One of the disadvantages of the template method is related to high cost and complicated electrochemical properties. However, the preparation of nano-structured materials from the template synthetic procedures that are difficult to expand to mass production. Consequently, a template-free synthesis techniques uses polycarbonate filtration membranes followed by removal of substrates. reverse micelle process was utilized for the synthesis of rodlike C-LiFePO4 particles [20]. One of the disadvantages of the template method is related to high cost and complicated synthetic The drawback of the solid-state reaction is the lengthy procedure of calcination that leads usually procedures that are difficult to expand to mass production. Consequently, a template-free reverse to bigger particles, and already reported above this is at expense of the rate capability. In the micelle process was utilized for the synthesis of rodlike C-LiFePO4 particles [20].PDF Image | Nanotechnology of Positive Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries
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