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Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 7 of 17 under the form xLiFePO4 + (1 − x)FePO4 (Figure 6b). For nanometer-sized particles (power grade Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 7 of 17 maItneorgianl)ic,st2h0e17G, 5i,b2b5s energy varies according to the scheme represented in Figure 7a, and the two7-opfh17ase domain is reported to shrink. Accordingly, the voltage plateau is shorter due to the larger values of α the larger values of α and β that result in the shrinking of the single-phase regions [1]. The the larger values of α and β that result in the shrinking of the single-phase regions [1]. The and β that result in the shrinking of the single-phase regions [1]. The corresponding voltage profile for corresponding voltage profile for the Li//LiFePO4 half-cell with nanosized cathode particles shown corresponding voltage profile for the Li//LiFePO4 half-cell with nanosized cathode particles shown the Li//LiFePO half-cell with nanosized cathode particles shown in Figure 7b displays a reduced in Figure 7b di4splays a reduced voltage plateau over the concentration range α2 ≤ x ≤ β2 with α2 > α1 in Figure 7b displays a reduced voltage plateau over the concentration range α2 ≤ x ≤ β2 with α2 > α1 voltageplateauovertheconcentrationrangeα ≤x≤β withα >α andβ >β. andβ2>β1. 2 2 21 21 and β2 > β1. Figure 6. (a) schematic representation of the Gibbs rule for a two-phase system; (b) the cell voltage Figure 6. (a) schematic representation of the Gibbs rule for a two-phase system; (b) the cell voltage Figure 6. (a) schematic representation of the Gibbs rule for a two-phase system; (b) the cell voltage profile shows a plateau in the composition range α1 ≤ x ≤ β1 for the bulk material. profile shows a plateau in the composition range α1 ≤ x ≤ β1 for the bulk material. profile shows a plateau in the composition range α1 ≤ x ≤ β1 for the bulk material. Figure 7. (a) schematic representation of the Gibbs rule for a two-phase system; (b) cell voltage vs. Figure 7. (a) schematic representation of the Gibbs rule for a two-phase system; (b) cell voltage vs. Figure 7. (a) schematic representation of the Gibbs rule for a two-phase system; (b) cell voltage vs. composition for nano-sized material. composition for nano-sized material. composition for nano-sized material. 3.2. Transition Metal Oxides 3.2. Transition Metal Oxides 3.2. Transition Metal Oxides 3.2.1. Vanadium Pentoxide 3.2.1. Vanadium Pentoxide 3.2.1. Vanadium Pentoxide V2O5 has received considerable attention due to its high theoretical specific capacity ~440 mAh·g−1 V2O5 has received considerable attention due to its high theoretical specific capacity ~440 mAh·g−1 + whVe2nO35Li hioasns raerceeiinvsedrtedco[2n8s]i.dHereareb,lwe eactotemnptiaorne thdeuperoptoertiitess ohfimghicrothne-soirzetdicanldsnpaencoisfitcructaupraedcity when 3Li+ ions are inserted [28]. Here, we compare the properties of micron-sized and nanostructured −1 + ~44V02Om5Asahm·gpleswhiethnt3hLeimiornpshaorloeginysehrotewdn[b28y]t.hHeetraen,swmeiscsoimonpealrectrhoenpmroicpreorstcioespyof(TmEiMcro)inm-saigzedsiannd V2O5 samples with the morphology shown by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images in nanFoigsutruec8t.uVre2Od5VwOas gsraomwpnlebsywthitehdtehceompoorpsihtiolnogoyf asmhomwonibuymthmeettravnasnmadisastieon(NeHle4cVtrOo3n) amti2c2r0os°cCo.py 25 Figure 8. V2O5 was grown by the decomposition of ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) at 220 °C. (TETMhe)pimroadguecstsihnoFwigsuargeoo8.dcVryOstallwinaistyg(rFoigwunreb8ya)t.hVeandaedcoiumpborsoitnizoensNofaayVm2Om5ownituhmthemneeteadvlaen-laikdeate 25 The product shows a good crystallinity (Figure 8a). Vanadium bronzes NayV2O5 with the needle-like ◦ morphology were synthesized via the hydrothermal route from a mixture of V2O5 and NaOH in the (NH4VO3) at 220 C. The product shows a good crystallinity (Figure 8a). Vanadium bronzes NayV2O5 morphology were synthesized via the hydrothermal route from a mixture of V2O5 and NaOH in the presence of ethanol as reducing agent (Figure 8b). The structure of the α’-NayV2O5 phase (0.7 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) with the needle-like morphology were synthesized via the hydrothermal route from a mixture of presence of ethanol as reducing agent (Figure 8b). The structure of the α’-NayV2O5 phase (0.7 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) is close to that of V2O5. It is built of [V2O5] layers separated by Na+ ions. Nanostructured thin films of V2O5 and NaOH in the presence of ethanol as reducing agen+t (Figure 8b). The structure of the isclosetothatofV2O5.Itisbuiltof[V2O5]layersseparatedbyNa ions.Nanostructuredthinfilmsof V2O5 deposited on Si(100) substrate were obtained by pulse laser deposition (PLD) [29]. For a α’-Na V O phase(0.7≤y≤1.0)isclosetothatofV O . Itisbuiltof[V O ]layersseparatedby y25 25 25 V2O5 deposited on Si(100) substrate were obtained by pulse laser deposition (PLD) [29]. For a s+ubstrate maintained at 500 °C, the grain size of PLD films is ~80 nm (Figure 8c). One of the principal Na ions. Nanostructured thin films of V O deposited on Si(100) substrate were obtained by pulse substrate maintained at 500 °C, the grain 2siz5e of PLD films is ~80 nm (Figure 8c). One of the principal properties of the films obtained by PLD is the high density compared with films grown by classical laser deposition (PLD) [29]. For a substrate maintained at 500 ◦C, the grain size of PLD films is ~80 nm properties of the films obtained by PLD is the high density compared with films grown by classical techniques. (Figteucrhen8iqcu).eOs.ne of the principal properties of the films obtained by PLD is the high density compared with films grown by classical techniques.PDF Image | Nanotechnology of Positive Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries
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