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Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 13 of 17 compares the XRD patterns of nano-sized Li2MnO3 material with that of micron-sized Li2MnO3 material. The nano-sized material is characterized by significant broadening of the peaks. Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 13 of 17 Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 13 of 17 Figure 15. TEM images of NMC powders showing the surface modification of 250-nm sized particle. Figure 15. TEM images of NMC powders showing the surface modification of 250-nm sized particle. FigImuraeg1e5s .(Ta,EbM) dimspalgayesthoef NHMRTCEpMowfedateurrseshofwNinMgCthpeoswudrfearcsefomr oads-igfircoawtionnaonfd2h5e0a-tnmtresaitzeeddspamarptilcelse. Images (a,b) display the HRTEM features of NMC powders for as-grown and heat treated samples Imwagitehss(uac,bro)sdeiaspt 6la0y0 t°hCefoHrR3T0EmMinfienatauir,ersesopfeNctMivCelyp.oCwodpyersigfhotrpaesr-mgriosswionafrnodmhEealstetvriear.ted samples ◦ with swucitrhosuecarots6e0a0t 6C00f°oCrf3o0r 3m0imniininaiar,irr,ersepspeeccttiively. Copyyrirgighht pt epremrimssisosniofrnomfroEmlseEvilesre.vier. 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 Peukert plots of Li//NMC coCin-racetells for the as-grown and LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 as-grown surface modified 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 as-grown surface modified C-rate Figure 16. Modified the surface modified NMC cathode material. Copyright permission from Elsevier. Figure 16. Modified Peukert plots of Li//NMC coin cells for the as-grown and the surface modified Figure 16. Modified Peukert plots of Li//NMC coin cells for the as-grown and the surface modified NMC cathode material. Copyright permission from Elsevier. 3.4.3. Rock-Salt Li2MnO3 NMC cathode material. Copyright permission from Elsevier. Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 14 of 17 The layered compound Li2MnO3 (or Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2), which has an O3 structure built of close- 3.4.3. Rock-Salt Li2MnO3 packed oxygen layers in an ABCABC stacking of atoms (monoclinic structure, space group C2/m) is The layered compound Li2MnO3 (or Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2), which has an O3 structure built of close- one of the most interesting compounds from the point of view of its structure and electrochemical packed oxygen layers in an ABCABC stacking of atoms (monoclinic structure, space group C2/m) is behavior [45]. Indeed, in its microcrystalline form, this oxide was initially considered as an one of the most interesting compounds from the point of view of its structure and electrochemical electrochemically inactive material in the potential range 2.0–4.4 V because no empty sites are behavior [45]. Indeed, in its microcrystalline form, this oxide was initially considered as an available for Li insertion, and because of the +4 valence state of octahedrally coordinated Mn cations. eleHctorwocehvemr,icthailslyhyinpaoctthiveseismhatserbiaeleninditshperopvoetdenbtyialKaralynagnei 2et.0a–l4..4[46V]. bIneciatussneanostermucptutyredsitfeosrmar,e −1 avLail2aMbnleOf3ocraLni dinesleivretiroan,tahneodrbeteicaul sceapoafctihtye +as4 hviaglehnacse 4s0ta0temoAf ho·cgtahfeodr rtaoltlayl cLoioerxdtirnaactieodnM. Fnigcuarteio1n7s. Hocwomevpear,esthtihsehXypRoDthpeastitserhnasobfeennandoi-spizreodveLdi2MbynOK3almyanteirieatlawl.it[h46t]h.aItnoiftsmniacrnons-tsriuzcetdurLeid2MfnorOm3 , −1 Li2mManteOr3iacl.aTnhdeenliavneor-saiztehdeomreatiecraial lciaspcahcairtyacatesrihziegdhbayss4ig0n0imficAanht·gbrofaodretnoitnagl oLfitehxetrpaecatkios.n. Figure 17 compares the XRD patterns of nano-sized Li2MnO3 material with that of micron-sized Li2MnO3 material. The nano-sized material is characterized by significant broadening of the peaks. Figure 17. XRD patterns of nano-sized Li2MnO3 (upper curve) compared with micron-sized material Figure 17. XRD patterns of nano-sized Li2MnO3 (upper curve) compared with micron-sized material (lower curve). Two peaks marked by arrows at 2θ = 30.5 and 31.6° belong to Li2CO3 impurity that can (lower curve). Two peaks marked by arrows at 2θ = 30.5 and 31.6◦ belong to Li2CO3 impurity that can be formed during the synthesis due to some excess of the lithium. be formed during the synthesis due to some excess of the lithium. Nano-particles (20–700 nm) of Li2MnO3 synthesized using the co-preparation method show the electrochemical activity reported in Figure 18. The strong effect of the size of particles is clearly evidenced; with the increasing synthesis temperature, the particles are bigger and bigger, resulting in a decreasing electrochemical activity. This is an opposite phenomenon observed currently in transition metal oxides such as NMC compounds. Specific capacity (mAh g-1) Specific capacity (mAh g-1)PDF Image | Nanotechnology of Positive Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries
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