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Figure 17. XRD patterns of nano-sized Li2MnO3 (upper curve) compared with micron-sized material Inorganics 2017, 5, 25 14 of 17 (lower curve). Two peaks marked by arrows at 2θ = 30.5 and 31.6° belong to Li2CO3 impurity that can be formed during the synthesis due to some excess of the lithium. Nano-particles (20–700 nm) of Li2MnO3 synthesized using the co-preparation method show Nano-particles (20–700 nm) of Li2MnO3 synthesized using the co-preparation method show the the electrochemical activity reported in Figure 18. The strong effect of the size of particles is clearly electrochemical activity reported in Figure 18. The strong effect of the size of particles is clearly evidenced; with the increasing synthesis temperature, the particles are bigger and bigger, resulting in evidenced; with the increasing synthesis temperature, the particles are bigger and bigger, resulting a decreasing electrochemical activity. This is an opposite phenomenon observed currently in transition in a decreasing electrochemical activity. This is an opposite phenomenon observed currently in metal oxides such as NMC compounds. transition metal oxides such as NMC compounds. Figure 18. Discharge curves of Li2MnO3 prepared at different synthesis temperatures (450–800 °C) ◦ Figure 18. Discharge curves of Li2MnO3 prepared at different synthesis temperatures (450–800 C) showing the strong effect of nanoparticle size. showing the strong effect of nanoparticle size. 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions The success in the lithium-ion batteries is greatly indebted to the development of the nTanhoetescuhnccoelosgsy.inInpthaerticluitlhariu,hmig-hiopnowbearttaeprpieliscaitsiongsrreeaqtulyireinacdtievbetpedartitcolesthoentdhevoerdloeprmofe1n00tnomfthe nanointescizhen,owloitghyw. Ienll-pcaornttircoulleadr,chriygshtaplloinwiteyr. Tahpepclihcoaitcieonofstrheeqsuyinrethaecstiisvperpocaerstsicelseasnodnththeeadorjudsetrmoefn1t0o0f nm the synthesis parameters were used to tune not only the size of the particles, but also their in size, with well-controlled crystallinity. The choice of the synthesis processes and the adjustment of morphology in order to have optimized electrochemical properties. The choice of the active cathode the synthesis parameters were used to tune not only the size of the particles, but also their morphology elements that belong to the two families of materials (layered and olivine-like structures) to which in order to have optimized electrochemical properties. The choice of the active cathode elements that belong the active elements of the cathodes in the lithium-ion batteries today exemplifies the crucial belong to the two families of materials (layered and olivine-like structures) to which belong the active dependence of the electrochemical properties and the size and morphology of the particles. elements of the cathodes in the lithium-ion batteries today exemplifies the crucial dependence of the electrochemical properties and the size and morphology of the particles. In this paper, we have reported the impact of nanostructure and nano-morphology of several cathode materials on their electrochemical performance. Transition-metal oxides including nano V2O5, needle-like vanadium bronzes NayV2O5 showed the absence of stepwise voltage observed for V2O5 bulk. For small particle size, the free Gibbs energy of V2O5 nanostructured grains is remarkably modified; thus, the modified Gibbs energy plus the presence of amorphous grain boundaries provide a smooth discharge profile from 3.5 to 0.5 V vs. Li+/Li0 in the whole LixV2O5 composition (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) as the cell potential V(x) is the derivative ∂(∆G)/∂x. The electrochemical performance of the α-MnO2 hollandite/cryptomelane structure appeared to be strongly dependent on the synthesis procedure, i.e., chelating agent used in the wet-chemistry method. It is well known that large K+ cations are inserted into the tunnel cavity (2a Wyckoff site) during synthesis of this compound. The presence of K+ is the key parameter, which governs the properties of these materials. The role of cations inside 2 × 2 tunnels has three beneficial effects: (i) increase of the electronic conductivity of the host; (ii) improve the Li+ diffusivity and (iii) introduce a structural transition during lithiation for high K+ concentration, i.e., x = 0.25. This large cation is essential for the formation and stabilization of α-MnO2 lattice and leads to the mixed valence state of Mn4+ and Mn3+ ions that depends on the potassium concentration. K+ ions increase the concentration of less-localized eg d-electrons of the Mn3+ ions.PDF Image | Nanotechnology of Positive Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries
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