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FIGURE1. The12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry. transformations. In 1991, the Office of Pollution Preven- tion and Toxics in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched the first research initiative of the Green Chemistry Program, the Alternative Synthetic Pathways research solicitation.5 Foundational work in chemistry and engineering at the National Science Foundation’s program on Environmentally Benign Syntheses and Processes was launched in 1992, and formed a partnership with EPA through a Memorandum of Understanding that same year. In 1993, the EPA program officially adopted the name “U.S. Green Chemistry Program”. Since its incep- tion, the U.S. Green Chemistry Program has served as a focal point for major activities within the United States, such as the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards and the annual Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference. In the first half of the 1990s, both Italy6 and the United Kingdom7 launched major initiatives in green chemistry. Several researchers in the U.K. established research and education programs in green chemistry. In Italy, a mul- tiuniversity consortium (INCA) featured research on green chemistry as one of its central themes. During the last half of the decade, Japan organized the Green and Sustainable Chemistry Network (GSCN),8 with an emphasis on pro- moting research and development on green and sustain- able chemistry. The first books, papers, and symposia on the subject of green chemistry were introduced in the 1990s. The inaugural edition of the journal Green Chem- istry, sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry, ap- peared in 1999.9 Research groups in many countries quickly coalesced, and adoption by industry was evident but difficult to quantify. In 1995, the U.S. Presidential Green Chemistry Chal- lenge Award was announced as a way of recognizing accomplishments by industry, academia, and government in green chemistry. The five awards first given in 1996, along with the numerous nominations for the award, provided a first, if understated, measure of adoption of green chemistry. Japan, Italy, the U.K., Australia, and other nations have adopted green chemistry awards for the purpose of highlighting the environmental and economic accomplishments of green chemistry. Current Status Since its inception in 1991, green chemistry has grown into a significant internationally engaged focus area within chemistry. The importance of green chemistry was re- cently highlighted in a cover story in Chemical and Engineering News.10 Major research, education, and out- reach initiatives have been established around the globe. Research. Research programs and centers located in countries in the Americas, Europe, Asia/Pacific, and Africa are focusing efforts around the principles of green chem- istry. The breadth of this research is very wide and incorporates areas such as polymers, solvents, catalysis, biobased/renewables, analytical method development, synthetic methodology development, and the design of safer chemicals. Excellent research is being conducted within each of these areas that strives to incorporate one or more of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. Polymers. The nature of the hazards that can be posed by polymers in their manufacture, use, and disposal has been widely recognized in recent years, as have the green chemistry methodologies that can be used to address these hazards.11 Research on renewable feedstocks and biobased transformations, structural design, and design for degradability are all promising areas.12-15 Carbon dioxide, for example, is a renewable feedstock that has been recovered from flue gas and, in its supercritical state, combined with pastes from fly ash to yield products such as roofing tiles and wallboard.16 Polymers derived from Origins, Status, and Challenges of Green Chemistry Anastas and Kirchhoff VOL. 35, NO. 9, 2002 / ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 687PDF Image | Origins, Current Status, and Future Challenges of Green Chemistry
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