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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Executive summary Executive summary CO2 is a valuable commodity Globally, some 230 million tonnes (Mt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) are used every year. The largest consumer is the fertiliser industry, where 130 Mt CO2 is used in urea manufacturing, followed by oil and gas, with a consumption of 70 to 80 Mt CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. Other commercial applications include food and beverage production, metal fabrication, cooling, fire suppression and stimulating plant growth in greenhouses. Most commercial applications today involve direct use of CO2. New pathways involve transforming CO2 into fuels, chemicals and building materials. These chemical and biological conversion processes are attracting increasing interest from governments, industry and investors, but most are still in their infancy and face commercial and regulatory challenges. The production of CO2-based fuels and chemicals is energy-intensive and requires large amounts of hydrogen. The carbon in CO2 enables the conversion of hydrogen into a fuel that is easier to handle and use, for example as an aviation fuel. CO2 can also replace fossil fuels as a raw material in chemicals and polymers. Less energy-intensive pathways include reacting CO2 with minerals or waste streams, such as iron slag, to form carbonates for building materials. Early markets are emerging but the future scale of CO2 use is uncertain The future market potential for CO2-derived products and services is difficult to assess. The early stage of technology development and anticipated reliance on policy frameworks for most applications makes estimating the future market very challenging. Theoretically, some CO2 use applications, such as fuels and chemicals, could grow to scales of multiple billions of tonnes of CO2 use per year, but in practice would compete with direct use of low-carbon hydrogen or electricity, which would be more cost effective in most applications. The barriers to near-term scale up of CO2 use are commercial and regulatory rather than technological. This analysis considers the near-term potential for increasing the market to at least 10 Mt CO2 use per year for each of the five categories of CO2-derived products and services: fuels, chemicals, building materials from minerals, building materials from waste and CO2 use to promote plant growth. This level of CO2 use would be almost as much as the current CO2 demand for food and beverages. For CO2-based fuels and chemicals, production costs are currently several times higher than for their conventionally-produced counterparts. This is mainly due to the costs associated with hydrogen production. Commercial production is possible in markets where both cheap renewable energy and CO2 are available, such as in Chile or Iceland. CO2-derived polymers could be produced at lower cost than their fossil counterparts, but the market is relatively small. Building materials produced from CO2 and minerals or waste can be competitive today. Early markets for CO2 use in concrete manufacturing are emerging, with CO2-cured concrete delivering lower costs and improved performance compared to conventionally-produced concrete. The production of building materials from waste and CO2 can also be competitive PAGE | 3 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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