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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Findings and recommendations Figure 1. 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Growth in global demand of CO2 over the years (left); breakdown of demand in 2015 (right) Beverages (3%) Food (3%) Fab. metal (2%) Other (4%) Urea (57%) EOR (34%) 230 150 272 250 2020 2025 2000 2015 Note: Projections for future global CO2 demand are based on an average year-on-year growth rate of 1.7%. Sources: Analysis based on ETC (2018), Carbon Capture in a Zero-Carbon Economy; IHS Markit (2018), Chemical Economics Handbook – Carbon Dioxide; US EPA (2018), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2016. Global consumption of CO2 is estimated to be 230 Mt/yr and expected to grow steadily over the coming years; consumption is mainly driven by EOR and on-site demand for urea production. New pathways for CO2 are generating global interest The range of potential CO2 use applications is very large and includes direct use, by which CO2 is not chemically altered (non-conversion) and the use of CO2 by transformation (via multiple chemical and biological processes) to fuels, chemicals and building materials (conversion) (Figure 2). Although most conversion pathways are highly energy-intensive and still in their infancy, they are attracting growing interest and support from governments, industry and investors. Companies such as CarbonCure and Solidia, which use CO2 to manufacture concrete, have recently attracted investment from Breakthrough Energy Ventures and OGCI Climate Investments, respectively. In North America, the NRG COSIA Carbon XPrize is supporting the development of novel CO2 use opportunities with a USD 20 million global competition (XPRIZE, 2019). Governments in Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as the European Commission are also providing significant RD&D support for CO2 use. The emerging interest in opportunities for the use of CO2 is driven by several concerns. Key among these is its potential to contribute to climate goals. Other factors include technology leadership, energy security, the anticipated availability of cheap and abundant renewable energy (which could make CO2 conversion routes more economical), and the potential for the use of CO2 to be either a stepping stone or a smaller-scale alternative to carbon capture and storage (CCS). In select cases, such as building materials, the use of CO2 can be based on purely commercial drivers as it delivers a product with superior performance and lower cost than conventionally produced building materials. CO2 could be an important raw material for products that will PAGE | 6 IEA. All rights reserved. MtCO2/yrPDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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