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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Findings and recommendations Over time, and as fossil fuel use declines, the climate benefits associated with displacement will be reduced and the CO2 used must increasingly be sourced from biomass or through direct air capture (DAC). These CO2 sources can support a carbon-neutral life cycle for some CO2 use applications and could deliver negative emissions in applications where the carbon is permanently stored, such as in building materials (Figure 3). However, these negative emission opportunities are likely very limited and must be considered in the context of the product’s entire life cycle. The carbon retention time for CO2 use applications can vary per product, ranging from less than one year for fuels, up to ten years for most chemical intermediates, to hundreds of years for polymers, while storage in building materials could last for millions of years. Critically, the potential of CO2 use to contribute to climate goals will depend on how far, and how fast, these opportunities can be scaled-up. CO2 flows for CO2 use applications IEA 2019. All rights reserved. The climate benefits associated with CO2 use will depend on several factors, including the source of CO2, the product being displaced, and the retention of CO2 in the final product. The future scale of CO2 use is highly uncertain The future market for CO2-derived products and services is very difficult to assess, reflecting the early stage of technology development for many applications and the reliance on supporting policy frameworks. Global estimates range from less than 1 GtCO2 per year to 7 GtCO2 per year by 2030, depending on the assumptions applied. These higher estimates are considered extremely optimistic. A high-level screening of the theoretical potential for CO2 use and the likely climate benefits (Figure 4) shows that fuels have the largest potential due to their vast market size, while building materials show the greatest climate change mitigation potential mainly because of the low energy requirements and the permanent retention of carbon in the product. Figure 3. PAGE | 8 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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