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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Findings and recommendations Figure 8. However, CO2 use cannot replace CO2 storage in delivering the very significant emissions reductions needed to meet Paris Agreement ambitions. This reflects the expected smaller scale of many CO2 use opportunities, their very limited scope for negative emissions, and their early stage of technology and market development. IEA scenario analysis highlights that CO2 use could become a more attractive mitigation option where availability of CO2 storage is limited, but it would not scale to similar levels of deployment. In the Clean Technology Scenario (CTS), which sets out a pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement climate goals, CO2 use in fuel transformation and industry would reach around 250 MtCO2 annually by 2060. In a variant of the CTS where the cumulative availability of CO2 storage is limited to only 10 GtCO2 (the Limited CO2 Storage [LCS] scenario variant), CO2 use would increase three-fold, to 878 MtCO2 in 2060 (Figure 8). The CO2 is used for the production of methanol, urea and CO2-derived fuels (kerosene, gasoline and diesel). Although this scenario analysis only considers the use of CO2 in energy and industrial applications, it highlights the difference in anticipated scale for CO2 use and CO2 storage. CO2 use in a climate pathway with limited availability of CO2 storage Geological storage Use 6 CTS 6 LCS 55 44 33 22 11 00 2030 2040 2050 2060 2030 2040 2050 2060 Notes: The CTS embodies a vision to reduce global energy-and process-related CO2 emissions by almost 75% in 2060, relative to today. The LCS assesses the energy-system wide implications of a possible failure or delay in making CO2 storage available to the energy sector, by limiting total cumulative CO2 storage to less than 10 GtCO2 in the model. Source: IEA (2019a), Exploring Clean Energy Pathways: The Role of CO2 Storage. Limiting the availability of CO2 storage in the Clean Technology Scenario results in a 77% increase in CO2 used in the period to 2060. References Alberici, S. et al. (2017), Assessing the Potential of CO2 Utilisation in the UK, Ecofys UK, Ltd, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/fil e/799293/SISUK17099AssessingCO2_utilisationUK_ReportFinal_260517v2__1_.pdf. Artz, J. et al., (2018), Sustainable conversion of carbon dioxide: An integrated review of catalysis and life cycle assessment, Chemical Reviews, Vol. 118, pp. 434-504, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00435. Carbon8 (2019), Carbon8 (web page), www.c8s.co.uk (accessed 10 May 2019). CarbonCure (2019), Carbon Sense Solutions, Inc., www.novascotia.ca/nse/cleantech/docs/CarbonSense.pdf (accessed 23 May 2019). PAGE | 14 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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