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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Scalability The potential market for CO2-derived products and services will depend on both supply and demand-side factors. Demand can vary considerably by region and by specific type of product and service. While some CO2-derived products and services could be traded on large commodity markets (for example, fuels), others would target specific niche markets with limited demand (for example, polymers). On top of existing demand for conventional products, CO2-derived products and services could also unlock new demand, due to lower production costs or superior attributes. On the supply side, constraints in the availability of key inputs, particularly low-cost renewable energy, CO2, hydrogen, or other raw materials could determine the speed and scale with which CO2-derived products can enter the market.5 Implicit in this is the availability of infrastructure, including transporting hydrogen and CO2 to processing facilities (see Box 3). Similarly to the demand side, limitations on supply can vary significantly by region as well as by type of product or service. Box 3. Infrastructure needed to deliver hydrogen and CO2 The extensive use of hydrogen and CO2 for conversion into fuels and chemicals would require the deployment of a large-scale transport infrastructure, including pipelines and, in some places, terminals, ships and trucks. A common transport network would benefit individual CO2 use companies, especially small ones, as it delivers economies of scale and provides access to hydrogen and CO2 sources that are not necessarily located close to demand. Further benefits could be achieved by combining CO2 transport for use in products (and services) and geological storage. Similarly, by pooling hydrogen demand coming from several sectors (e.g. industry, transport and heating) and transporting this in one common infrastructure can deliver considerable economies of scale. Despite the economic benefits, securing investment for infrastructure networks is challenging. Investors must be confident of a large long-term market for hydrogen and CO2 to underpin their investment case. However, such a market is unlikely to emerge without the transport options already available. Given the potential impasse, public support will probably be necessary. In the United States, an extensive network of over 6 000 km of pipelines transports around 60 MtCO2 for EOR. The US EOR industry has grown at a rate unmatched globally, in large part due to the development of its transport network. While EOR is a profitable undertaking, policies have encouraged its development. Competitiveness The market for CO2-derived products and services will expand if they are competitive. This is determined by their relative cost compared to their conventionally-produced counterparts and other low-carbon alternatives. The main factors affecting the cost of CO2-derived products and services are the costs of technology, energy, CO2 and other raw materials. The contribution of each factor in the total costs varies according to product and service. While capital costs for 5 Potential constraints on the availability of key inputs are discussed below. PAGE | 29 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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