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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis CO2-derived products and required inputs in a limited CO2 storage scenario Methanol Methane Liquid fuel Biogenic CO2 Fossil CO2 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Source: IEA (2019b), Exploring Clean Energy Pathways: The Role of CO2 Storage 2030 2040 2050 CO2-derived products (TWh) 2060 2030 2040 2050 2060 CO2 used (Mt) 2060 2030 Electricity needs (TWh) 2040 2050 CO2-derived products in the limited CO2 storage scenario produce 240 TWh (44 Gt) of methanol and over 2 400 TWh (8.7 EJ) of fuels in 2060, requiring 5 600 TWh of electricity generation and 684 MtCO2. While the total contribution of CO2 use applications in mitigating climate change is expected to be relatively small in the near-term, a high-level screening of the theoretical potential for CO2 use and its relative climate benefits was carried out (Figure 20). On the x-axis, the theoretical potential for CO2 use refers to the maximum volumes of CO2-derived products and services that would be generated if all conventionally-produced products or services were to be replaced. This analysis is carried out for the five key categories of CO2-derived product and services, as described in the scene-setter section: fuels, chemicals, building materials from minerals, building materials from waste, and the use of CO2 to enhance the yield of biological processes. The chemicals are split into chemical intermediates and polymers. The y-axis shows the relative climate benefits that can be achieved by displacing a product or service with one that has higher life-cycle CO2 emissions, such as fossil-based fuels, chemicals or conventional building materials. Fuels show the greatest potential because of their vast market size (> 5 Gt/yr), followed by building materials and chemical intermediates (1–5 Gt/yr). Building materials have the greatest climate change mitigation potential, mainly because of their low energy requirements for the CO2 conversion process and the permanent retention of carbon in the product. This is followed by fuels and chemical intermediates. The use of CO2 in polymer processing and greenhouses show the lowest potential, both in terms of potential for CO2 use (0–1 Gt/yr) and in relative climate benefits. In the long term, novel CO2 use applications may be able to deliver greater climate benefits. PAGE | 39 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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