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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Figure 24. 60 50 40 30 20 10 Indicative production costs of CO2-derived fuels for various full load hours and CO2 price penalty needed for competitiveness with their fossil counterparts CO2-derived methane CO2-derived methanol 650 500 550 400 450 300 350 200 250 100 150 0 0 20 40 60 80 Electricity costs (USD/MWh) 0 20 40 60 80 Electricity costs (USD/MWh) CO2-derived diesel 850 680 510 340 170 0 375 720 300 540 225 360 150 180 75 0 0 20 40 60 80 Electricity costs (USD/MWh) FLH 2 000h FLH 3 000h FLH 5 000h Notes: Left axes show the production costs for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel, while the right axes show the CO2 price needed to reach competitiveness with natural gas at USD 7/MBtu, fossil methanol at USD 350/t and fossil diesel of USD 75/bbl; FLH: full load hours; CAPEX: electrolyser USD 450/kWe, methanation USD 560/kWgas; methanol synthesis USD 46/(tCH3OH/yr), FT synthesis USD 560/kWliq; efficiency (LHV): electrolyser 74%, methanation 77%, FT synthesis 73%,; energy consumption: methanol synthesis 1.5 GJ/ tCH3OH; CO2 feedstock costs USD 30/tCO2; discount rate 8%. Source: Analysis based on IEA (2019a), The Future of Hydrogen: Seizing Today’s Opportunities. A combination of low electricity costs and high CO2 prices is needed to make CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel competitive with their fossil counterparts. Box 6. Demonstration plants producing fuels from CO2 and H2 Over the past decade, several firms have built demonstration plants producing methane and methanol from electrolytic H2 and CO2. Two well-known examples are plants built by Audi and Carbon Recycling International (CRI). A large number of pilot plants have also been developed by companies such as AFUL Chantrerie, E.ON, RWE, Thüga Group and Korea Gas Corporation. PAGE | 46 IEA. All rights reserved. CO2 price needed at USD 75/bbl (USD/tCO2) CO2 price needed at USD 10/MBtu (USD/tCO2) USD/bbl USD/Mbtu CO2 price needed at USD 10/MBtu (USD/tCO2) USD/tonnePDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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