PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 057
Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Are CO2-derived building materials scalable? Concrete and cement are among the most widely manufactured materials on the planet. Each year, around 30 billion tonnes of concrete are produced globally from a production base of approximately 4.2 billion tonnes of cement, and demand is set to grow further over the coming decades, due to growing populations and infrastructure needs (IEA, 2018d; NASEM, 2019). Replacing all conventional concrete with CO2-cured concrete has been estimated to create a demand for CO2 of up to 1 000 MtCO2 globally today, and up to 1 200 MtCO2 in 2030 (ICEF, 2017). The use of 10 MtCO2 per year corresponds to approximately 300 million tonnes of CO2- cured concrete. CO2-cured concrete can be applied to the market for pre-cast concrete products and ready-mixed concrete that is cured with CO2 and water at the plant before being transported to its final destination. Applying CO2 to the concrete mixture at the construction site is more challenging, due to the need for special facilities on the ground. While the construction sector offers large material flows, the manufacture of construction materials is a localised activity. For example, in the United States alone there are over 5 500 ready-mix concrete plants, hundreds of precast concrete plants and nearly 100 cement production plants. This implies that if CO2 is to be used in building materials on a large scale, CO2 will need to be consumed in many discrete locations (NASEM, 2019). Unlike in cement plants, there are no large sources of CO2 available in concrete plants. One of the logistical challenges is that CO2 sources and concrete plants are not always located in the same place, thus requiring transport over large distances, which can impact the economic viability of the manufactured product. The energy requirements for CO2-derived concrete products are relatively minor, provided the transport of cement and CO2 can be minimised. Under what conditions would CO2-derived building materials be competitive? Cement and concrete are highly standardised products in a low-margin and competitive market. The construction industry is conservative and has showed a slow uptake of new products in the past, thus making it difficult for novel building materials to enter the market. However, there is potential for CO2 curing technologies to produce concrete with lower production costs and higher strength than with conventional curing routes. The main cost savings come from the reduced time required for the curing process and a lower demand for cement in the concrete mix. The market value and uptake potential of CO2-cured concrete will ultimately depend on the costs, characteristics and applicability in various sectors as well as its acceptance by the industry. The low-carbon nature of these products could further improve their competitiveness in places where this is valued. Some companies working on concrete curing technologies claim to be able to mitigate emissions via CO2-curing at a CO2 abatement cost of less than 6 USD/tCO2 (Alberici et al., 2017).19 Companies using CO2 curing technology are likely willing to pay a higher price for feedstock CO2, mainly because relatively little CO2 is used in the process. CarbonCure has indicated that they can make commercially viable concrete from CO2 curing using merchant CO2 of USD 400 /t in a market with a cement price of USD 110 /t (CarbonCure, 2018).20 While CarbonCure has been using 19 Based on a conversion rate of 0.78 GBP/USD for the year 2017 (OECD, 2018). 20 This is based on a CO2 emissions intensity of the cement of 1.04, a CO2 mineralisation rate of 90% and a CO2 mineralisation rate 90%. PAGE | 56 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
PDF Search Title:
Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissionsOriginal File Name Searched:
putting_co2_to_use.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |